BIOL 320 Lab Practical 2

What is another name for the digestive tract?

Alimentary canal

What do accessory organs of the digestive system do?

Secrete substances for digestion, but do not come in contact with food

What kind of tissue is the oral cavity lined with?

Nonkeratonized stratified squamous epithelium

What is the major muscle of the tongue

Genioglossus

Where do nerves and blood vessels enter the tooth through?

Apical foramen

What set of human teeth appear first?

Primary/deciduous teeth (20 total)

What set of teeth appear second?

Secondary/permanent teeth (32 total)

Visceral peritoneum (serosa)

Membrane lining the outer surface of the digestive tract

Mesentery

Double-folded membrane that attaches the digestive tract to the back of the body wall

Parietal peritoneum

Membrane on the inner side of the body wall

3 mucous membrane layers of digestive organs

1. mucosa

2. lamina propria

3. musclaris mucosae

Identify the 3 parts of the stomach

1. Cardia + fundus

2. Body

3. Pylorus

Esophageal sphincter function

Prevent stomach contents from moving into esophagus

Pyloric sphincter function

Prevent stomach contents from premature release into small intestine

Identify the three major layers of the small intestine

1. Duodenum: receives fluid from pancreas and gallbladder

2. Jejunum

3. Ileum

What structure distinguishes the small intestine from the stomach and large intestine?

Villi: projections that increase surface area of mucosa; contain blood vessels that carry sugars and amino acids from intestine to liver, contain lacteals that carry fatty acids to venous system

Identify the 6 major regions of the large intestine

• Cecum

• Ascending colon

• Transverse colon

• Descending colon

• Sigmoid colon

• Rectum

What distinguishes large intestine histology from the stomach?

Presence of a large number of goblet cells

Name the three salivary glands

1. Parotid glands: anterior to ears

2. Submandibular glands: medial to mandible

3. Sublingual glands: inferior to the tongue (multiple ducts)

What is the function of the gallbladder?

Releases bile, which emulsifies lipids in the duodenum

What vascular level does the separation between the renal cortex and renal medulla occur at?

Arcuate arteries/veins

What vessels exit from the hilum of the kidney?

Renal artery, renal vein, ureter

What role do juxtamedullary nephrons play, and what % of nephrons do they cosntitute?

Produce concentrated urine; 15%

What 2 fluids do the kidneys regulate?

Blood and urine

Explain the kidney portal system

Blood flows from glomerulus (site of filtration) to peritubular capillaries (site of reabsorption)

What tissues make up the ureters?

Transitional epithelium inner lining, smooth muscle outer wall

How is urine moved from the kidney to the bladder?

Peristalsis (wave-like muscle contractions)

What tissues line the bladder?

Transitional epithelium inner surface, detrusor muscle in the wall

Micturition reflex

Bladder stretches, neurons stimulate the internal sphincter of the bladder to open

What structures is the nasal septum composed of?

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone, vomer, septal cartilage

What moistens air coming into the nasal cavity?

Respiratory epithelium

What warms air coming into the nasal cavity?

Superior venus plexus

What are the auditory tubes?

Openings on the lateral walls of the nasopharynx

What vertebrae is the larynx situated near?

Fourth thru sixth cervical vertebrae

What is the most prominent cartilage of the larynx and what is it made up of?

Thyroid cartilage, hyaline cartilage

Which cartilage of the thyroid attaches to the vocal cords?

Arytenoid cartilages (2)

What is the most inferior part of the trachea called?

Carina; place right before the primary bronchi diverge

List the tubes of the tracheobronchial tree in order of decreasing size

Primary bronchi → lobar bronchi → segmental bronchi → bronchioles → respiratory bronchioles

How many lobes does each human lung have?

Right has three, left has two

Where does the heart sit relative to the left lung?

In an indentation called the cardiac notch

What is emphysema?

The breakdown of alveoli, which decreases oxygen diffusion as a result of decreased surface area

What is pulmonary ventilation?

The mechanical process of moving air into and out of the lungs

What is tidal volume?

Normal inhale and exhale

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A larger exhale than normal

What is residual volume?

Air that remains in the lung after a full exhale

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A larger inhale than normal

What is inspiratory capacity?

Taking a deep breath

What is vital capacity?

A maximum inhale followed by a maximum exhale (like during vigorous exercise)

What is functional residual capacity?

Amount of air left in lungs after a normal exhale

What is total lung capacity?

Total volume of air in the lungs

Duodenum (presence of duodenal glands)

Jejunum

Ileum (presence of Peyer’s patches)

Large intestine (presence of goblet cells)

Stomach (presence of gastric pits)

Bladder

What is the name of the connective tissue surrounding the testes?

Tunica albuginea

What temperature is required for spermatozoa production?

35 degrees C

What muscles are responsible for regulating the temperature of the testes?

Dartos muscle (scrotum) and cremaster muscle (spermatic cord)

Where does sperm capacitation (maturation) occur?

Epididymus

Name the three types of male urethra

Prostatic, membranous, penile

Name the male and female lubricating glands

Bulbourethral (male) and Bartholin’s (female)

Trace the sperm pathway

Seminiferous tubules (testes) → epididymus → vas deferens → ejaculatory ducts (prostate, seminal, bulbourethral) → urethra → peanits

Name the steps of oogenesis

Oogonia → primary oocyte → secondary oocyte → ovulation (evacuation of ovum into follicular tube) → corpus luteum → corpus albicans (if no fertilization occurs)

Name and describe the phases of the female menstrual cycle

1. Proliferative phase: building endometrium, follicles are developing

2. Secretory phase: begins with ovulation, endometrium continues to grow, large corpus luteum

3. Menses: breakdown of endometrium and degeneration of corpus luteum into corpus albicans

What hormones peak RIGHT after ovulation?

Lutenizing hormone and follicular stimulating hormone

During which menstrual phase does progesterone peak?

Secretory phase

What hormones decline before menstruation?

Progesterone and estrogen