Contempt social prob long ahhh exam 1

What are societal conditions?

issues that impact individual and families

what are social problems?

present day conditions or behaviors that harm a large group of people and require group action to fix

Social problems are also what?

societal conditions impacts many people. Recognized as a problem by social scientists, the media, the government.

what is the sociological imagination?

the ability to understand how our personal lives and individual experiences are connected to wider social, historical, and structural forces

Who coined the term sociological imagination?

C. Wright Mills 1959

Who wrote The Sociological Imagination Book in 1959?

C. Wright Mills

The book The Sociological Imagination systematically examines what?

Personal troubles of milieu, public issues of social structure

what are personal troubles?

problems unique to one person or their immediate social sphere

What are public issues?

Structural problems that impact many individuals

what are some examples of personal troubles and public issues?

unemployment, marriage, war

who was C. Wright Mills?

major mid century social theoriest, coined the term sociological imagination

what is sociology?

studies societies and the social networks or relations of individuals within societies

sociology focuses on the ___ ____ of individuals

social lives

Individuals are the most ____ of society

basic

individual actions are constrained by what?

social context

how does social context shape individual behavior?

setting the cultural norms, economic pressures, and peer expectations that push people to act in specific ways during modern crises

____ and ___ context shapes opportunity structures

economic, historical

there is an inequitable ____of valued social, political, and economic resources

distribution

what are some examples of valued social, political, and economic resources?

economic resources, economic opportunity, social influence, knowledge, political power

potential is distributed____, but opportunity is _____

randomly, not

what is an example of social context

families

families shape ____, ____, and _____

identity, values, opportunities

family stability or instability influences what?

life chances

family life is

changing

there is an increase in cohabitation and “retreat” from what?

marriage

there is an ____ in non-marital fertility

increase

thee is an increase in what

single parent households

birth rates are increasing or decreasing?

decreasing

social policies must do what to family life changing?

adapt and respond

what does social theory refer to?

a set of assumptions and propositions used to explain, predict, and understand (social) phenomena

social scientists use theory to do what?

post research questions, evaluate evidence related to those questions

sociological theory is often classified into what two groups?

classical and contemporary

sociological is somewhat unique among what?

social sciences

multiple theoretical traditions sometimes pose what?

competing views

Most social sciences have a ______

single dominant theory

sociologist typically must master a few ____social theories

classic

Major social theories have some What ?

common themes

most specialized theories are used in what

specific subfields

what are the three overreaching themes

examine nature of individuals, identify causes and consequences, examine basis for social orfer

basis for __ ___ is particularly important for understanding social problems

social order

what are the four broad/general theoretical categories that textbook focuses on?

functionalism, conflict perspective, feminist perspective, interactionist perspective

the textbook classifies by unit of analysis, which are?

macro and micro level

what did early social theorists write in late 19th century and early 20th century

rapid social and economic change, political upheaval, industrial revolution

what were the major transitions of the mid 1800s to early 1900s

Agricultural to industrial economies, rural to urban migration, monarchy to democratic governance, decline of religious influence

who coined the term sociology in 1838

auguste comte

what departments were established in the late 1800s?

sociology

where were the first sociology departments located?

france, germany, chicago

what is the goal of sociology?

apply scientific method to understand social phenomena

who were the major early theorists in sociology?q

marx, durkheim, and weber

karl marx is the founder of what?

conflict perspective

what movement is marx the founder of?

the socialist movement

which system did marx believe is the defining element of society?

economic

marx believed that economic surplus is a what?

constant

Marx believed that goods distribution is never truly what?

equal

marx focused on problems with ____ ____

economic organization

marx focused on _______ _____

economic inequality

Marx believed that society is held together by ____ and ____

power, coercion

marx believed that proletariat stood for what?

working class

marx believed that bourgeoise stood for what?

business owners/ “ruling” class

marx believed that species being stood for what?

a human’s true self

marx believed that alienation stood for what?

separation from ones true self

marx believed that class consciousness stood for what?

awareness of one’s position in the class hierarchy

who came up with the communist manifesto?

marx and engles

the communist manifesto is a ______ analysis

historical

what does the communist manifesto outline>

economic relations that he thought were inherent sources of class conflict

political pamplet meant to do what two things?

increase awareness of economic exploitation among proletariat

spark revolutionary action, working class vs business ownders

marx thought ____ _____ was inevitable

class war

during the communist manifesto time there was a conflict between what two groups

capitalists and workers

there were different modes of produciton during the classical theory era?

ancient societies, feudalism, capitalism

what did the mode of production ancient societies stand for>

slavery

what did the mode of production feudalism stand for?

small group landownders

what did the mode of production capitalism stand for?

market based exchange

what were the forces of production during the classical theory era?

technological and productive captivity, tools used to create things

what were the social relations of production during the classical theory era

relationships and inequality between people, how people organize to perform tests

how does the mode of production shape social problems

determine laws and government, influences political and social ideas

what is das kapital?

conflict between bourgeoise and proletariat, class struggle inevitable

Das kapital: productive forces of society are owned by _____, not by individual business ownders

everyone

das kapital socialist society emerged from what

capitalism

what were the two primary social problems in Das Kapital?

exploitation and domination

what does exploitation mean

the value of the work perfomed by ordinary people is mostly taken by those who control the means of production

what does domination mean

ways powerful classes exert control over the activities of everyone else

what were the importance of marx’s beliefs for the classical theory

anticipated the rise of capitalism, economic factors contribute to social problems

what were the critiques of marx’s beliefs for the classical theory

is revolution inevitable? vision of social utopia not feasible, over simplistic view of power and class

who is the founding father of sociology

emile durkheim

what are the key concepts that emile durkheim came up with

social facts or forces, social solidarity, impact of religion

who created the rules of sociological method

durkheim

the rules of sociological method examined what

social facts

what the social facts were examined in the rules of sociological method

everyday rules present in human societies, objective and outside our control

durkheim believed human behavior is what

learned

how is human behavior learned

socialization process, norms constrain action

durkheim believed that social problems arise from what

ineffective norms

what are ineffective norms

suicide is a social problem, patterns indicate forces exist beyond the individual

durkheim believed that social solidarity does what

holds societies together, weakened solidarity creates problems

durkheim believed that mechanical solidarity does what

primitive societies build around families or tribes, minimal division of labor

durkheim believed that organic solidarity does what

modern socieites, extensive division of labor, mutual dependence

Durkheim believed that _________ played a key role

Religion

How does Religion play a key role?

Centered on the sacred
Not necessarily supernatural
Shared beliefs create social cohesion

Durkheim believed that problems arise when _________ breaks down

Solidarity

What could fix the problems that arise when solidarity breaks down?

Norm violations should be punished
Punishment reinforces sacred values

Who wrote the book Suicide: A Study in Sociology (1897)?

Durkheim