A&P Lab Midterm

Frontal bone

Forms forehead, bony projections under the eyebrows, and superior part of each orbital

Temporal bone (external)

Inferior to the parietal bone; joins them at the squamous sutures

Features: External acoustic meatus, Zygomatic process, Styloid process, Mastoid Process, Mandibular fossa

External acoustic meatus (Temporal external skull bone)

Zygomatic process (external Temporal)

Styloid process (external Temporal)

Mastoid process (external Temporal)

Mandibular fossa (external Temporal)

pink bone is?

Temporal bone (internal)

Features: Jugular foramen, Internal acoustic meatus, Exit of carotid canal

Internal acoustic meatus (internal Temporal bone)

Jugular foramen (internal Temporal)

Exit of carotid canal

Parietal Cranial Bone

Forms superior and lateral walls of the cranium

Paired

Occipital Cranial Bone (external)

Most posterior bone of the cranium; forms base and back wall of skull

Features: Foramen magnum and Occipital condyles and Jugular foramen

Occipital Cranial Bone (internal)

Most posterior bone of the cranium; forms base and back wall of skull

Features: Foramen magnum and Occipital condyles and Jugular foramen

Foramen magnum (Occipital Cranial Bone)

Occipital condyles (Occipital Cranial Bone)

Jugular foramen (Occipital Cranial Bone)

Sphenoid Cranial Bone

Bat/butterfly shaped bone spans width of the skull, forms part of the floor of the cranial cavity

Features: Sella turcica and Superior orbital fissures, optic canals

Sella turcica (Sphenoid Cranial Bone)

Superior orbital fissure (Sphenoid Cranial Bone)

Orbital canal (Sphenoid Cranial Bone)

Ethmoid Cranial Bone

Irregularly shaped, anterior to the sphenoid, forms the roof of the nasal cavity and part of the medial walls of the orbits

Features: Cribiform plate, superior/middle/inferior nasal conchae

Cribiform plate (Ethmoid Cranial Bone), holey areas on each side of the crista galli

Superior/middle/inferior nasal conache

Thin, curved bones projecting medially from lateral walls of nasal cavity

Mandible

Joins temporal bones on each side of the face; forming the only freely moving joints on the skull

Features: Mandible condyle

Mandible condyle (Mandible single facial bone)

Maxilla

Two maxillae fused to form the upper jaw

All facial bones join to the maxilla expect for the mandible

Palatine

Extension of the maxillae; forms anterior part of the hard part of the mouth

Paired

Zygomatic

Forms large portion of lateral walls of the orbits

Features: temporal process

Temporal process (Zygomatic facial bones)

Lacrimal

Fingernail sized bones forming part of the medial wall of each orbit, each bone has a groove passageway for tears (Lacrima = tears)

Nasal (Paired facial bone)

Small rectangular bones forming bridge of the nose

Vomer

Single bone in the median line of the nasal cavity; forms inferior part of the bony nasal septum

Sagittal Suture

Occurs where the left and right parietal bones meet superiorly in the midline of the cranium

Squamous Suture

Occurs where each parietal bone meets the temporal bone

2 lateral occurrences

Coronal Suture

Runs through the frontal plane

Occurs anteriorly where the parietal bone meet the frontal bone

Lamboid Suture

Occurs where the parietal bones meet the occipital bone, posteriorly

Vertebral Column

Axial support of the body, supports skull and distributes the weight of the body to the lower limbs

Has 24 bones in three regions: Cervical 7, Thoracic 12, Lumbar 5

Contains vertebral foramen (protects spinal cord)

Vertebral body

Spinal foramen

Transverse Process

Spinous Process

Superior articular process

Inferior Articular Process

Intervertebral Foramina

Cervical Vertebrae

Bifurcation of Transverse Process

Atlas (C1)-nods yes and Axis (C2)-side to side movement of no

Atlas C1

Axis C2

Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)

“Thoracic giraffe”

Rib articulation

Costal Facets

Smooth, flat spots on the bone that connect the spine to the ribs

Lumbar Vertebrae

“Lumbering Moose”

Sacrum

Fused Vertebrae (5)

Coccyx

Fused Vertebrae (4)

Sternum

Features: Manubrium, body, xiphoid process

Manubrium (Sternum)

Body (sternum)

Xiphoid Process (Sternum)

True Ribs (1-7)

Directly attached to sternum

Costal cartilage

False Ribs (8-12)

Indirectly or not attached

Floating Ribs (11 and 12)

Lack sternal attachments

Frontalis Muscle (occipitofrontalis)

Raises brows

Origin: on cranial aponeurosis

Insertion: skin over eyes and nose

Orbitcularis oris

Closes mouth; protrudes lips

Origin: Maxilla and mandible

Insertion: skin and muscle around mouth

Orbitcularis oculi

Closes eyes

Origin: frontal and maxillary bones

Insertion: inside of eyelid

Zygomaticus

Elevates corner of mouth to smile

Origin: Zygomatic arch and maxilla bone

Insertion: Skin and muscle at corner of mouth

Masseter

Closes jaw, elevates mandible

Origin: Zygomatic arch and maxilla bones

Insertion: Mandible

Temporalis

Closes jaw, elevates and retracts jaw

Origin: Temporal bone

Insertion:

Buccinator

Draws corners of mouth laterally

Origin: Maxilla and mandible

Insertion: Orbicularis oris

Sternocleidomastoid

Bilaterally flexes neck, unilaterally turns the head

Origin: Manubrium of sternum and clavicle

Insertion: Mastoid process of temporal bone; occipital bone

Pectoralis major

Large, fan shaped muscle covering the upper thorax

Flexes, adducts, and medially rotates arm at shoulder

Origin: Clavicle, sternum, and ribs 2-6

Insertion: humerus

Deltoid

Triangular muscle creating the curvature of the shoulder

Abduction of the arm

Origin: Acromion and spine of scapula; clavicle

Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

Serratus Anterior

Protracts the shoulder, upward rotation of the scapula

Origin: 1-8 rib

Insertion: Scapula

Levator Scapulae

Elevates the scapula

Origin: Transverse processes of C1-C4

Insertion: Scapula

Pectoralis minor

Depresses and protracts the shoulder

Origin: 3-5th rib near costal cartilage

Insertion: Coracoid process of scapula

Trapezius

Extends head; rotates and adducts scapula, elevates/depresses the scapula

Origin: Occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, spines of C7 and all thoracic vertebrae

Insertion: Acromion process and spine of scpaula; clavicle

Erector Spinae

Extends the vertebral column

Origin: Spinous processes of T9-T12

Insertion: Spinous process of T1 and T2

Latissimus dorsi

Extends, adducts, and medially rotates shoulder

Origin: Spinous processes of lower 6 thoracic vertebrae, L1-L5, ribs 8-12, and lumbodorsal fascia

Insertion: Humerus

Supraspinatus

Abduction at the shoulder

Origin: Supraspinous fossa of the scapula

Insertion: Greater tubercle of the humerus

Infraspinatus

Lateral rotation of the shoulder

Origin: infraspinous fossa of the scapula

Insertion: Greater tubercle of the humerus

Subscapularis

Internally rotates and adducts the humerus

Origin: Subscapular fossa of the scapula

Insertion: Lesser tubercle of the humerus

Teres major

Extension, adduction and medial rotation at shoulder

Origin: Scapula

Insertion: Humerus

Teres minor

Laterally rotates the arm

Origin: Scapula

Insertion: Humerus

Rhomboids

Adduction and downward rotation of scapula

Origin: Spinous processes of C7, T1-T5

Insertion: Medial border of scapula

Rectus abdominis

Flexes and rotates vertebral column

Origin: Pubic crest and symphysis

Insertion: Xiphoid process of the sternum, ribs 5-7

External oblique

Flexes and rotates vertebral column

Origin: Ribs 4-12
Insertion: Iliac crest, linea alba, and pubic crest

Internal Oblique

Flexes and rotates vertebral column

Origin: Iliac crest and lumbar fascia

Insertion: Linea alba, pubic crest, ribs 9-12

Transverse abdominis

Iliac crest

Linea alba and pubic crest

Compresses the abdomen

External intercostals

Inferior borders of adjacent rib above

Superior border of adjacent rib below

Elevates the rib cage

Internal intercostals

Inferior border of rib above

Superior border of rib below

Depresses the rib cage

Diaphragm

Inferior border of rib and sternum; last 6 ribs; lumbar vertebrae

Central tendon

Flattens to increase volume of thoracic cavity; prime mover for inspiration

Scapulae

Thin, triangular flat bones

• “spade” or “shovel

• Lie on dorsal surface of the rib

cage

• Articulates with humerus and

clavicle

Acromion

• Roughened triangular projection

• “point of the shoulder”

• Articulates with acromial end of clavicle

forming the acromioclavicular join

Coracoid process

• Projection from superior scapular

border

• “beak like”

• Looks like a bent finger

• Helps anchor bicep muscle

Glenoid cavity or glenoid

fossa

• “pit-shaped”

• Articulates with the humerus of the

arm forming the shoulder joint

Spine

• On posterior surface

• Easily felt through the skin

Subscapular fossa – shallow concavity formed by the entire

anterior surface

Supraspinous fossa - shallow concavity superior to the spine

Infraspinous fossa – shallow concavity inferior to the spine

Clavicles

(Collarbones)

• Slender s-shaped

bones

• Hold scapulae and

arms out laterall

Acromial/lateral end:

• Flattened

• Articulates with

scapula