Cardiology

right ventricle

through the pulmonary circulation left

left ventricle

thru the systemic circulation

what happens in right-sided congestive heart failure

because the right ventricle can’t efficiently pump blood, it causes blood to collect in the superior and inferior vena cava. This leads to jugular venous dissection and peripheral edema.

in left-sided congestive heart failure,

blood collects in the lungs resulting in pulmonary edema.

acute coronary syndrome

a condition that occurs because of limited blood flow of oxygenated blood thru the coronary artery. Results in ischemia.

angina pectoris

chest pain caused by ischemia, the pain may travel to surrounding areas, accompanied with extreme sweating and sense of dread, warning sign for heart attack.

angin/o

strangling

myocardial infarction MI

death of tissue in the myocardium due to severe lack of oxygen. A heart attack.

cognitive heart failure CHF

inability to pump sufficient amounts of blood, caused by disease or hypertension.

mitral valve prolapse MVP

structural abnormality where the leaflets don’t close tightly maybe cuz of infection or congenital. Type of murmur.

cardiomyopathy

condition that includes cardiomegaly and heart failure.

pericarditis

I&I of the pericardial sac, more fluid, pressure from this fluid may compress the heart and possibly prevent it to pump.

arteriosclerosis

progressive degenerative that makes narrowed, hardened artery walls. usually with age.

scler/o

hardening

atherosclerosis

fatty deposits in the walls of the arteries that can restrict blood flow. this is caused by a specific type of arteriosclerosis that begins with a small tear in the arterial endothelium, cholesterol builds up in the tear, causing plaques to build up.

Arther/o

soft, fatty substance

aneurysm

area of dilation/weakness in the wall of an artery, these can rupture and cause severe internal bleeding.

coronary artery disease CAD

arteriosclerosis that happens in coronary arteries

hyperlipidemia

elevated fat levels in the blood

hypertension HTN

elevated blood pressure of greater than > 120/80 mm hg.

hypotension

decreased blood pressure of less than 90/60 mm Hg.

orthostatic hypotension

sudden drop in systolic BP upon standing. this is what causes that dizzy feeling.

peripheral artery disease

arteriosclerosis int he legs, may cause calf pain and cyanosis of the toes and feet.

Phlebitis

I&I of a vein, causes pain and possible redness on the skin that’s over the vein.

Raynaud’s disease

sudden and severe vasoconstriction of arterioles in the fingers and toes that cause them to turn white or blue.

varicose veins

condition in which veins will stick out because the valves have been damaged which causes back flow, thus making them turn distended and twisted.

NSR

normal sinus rhythm = when the sinoatrial node controls the heart rate

what are the two phases of a normal heartbeat.

systole (contraction & pumping) and diastole (resting and filling)

what are the waves you see in ECGs

the depolarization (contraction exciting) and the repolarization (resting filling)

ECG measures

electrical activity of the heart.

asystole

complete absence of heartbeat (cardiac arrest)

fibrillation

very fast, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium

fibrill/o

muscle or nerve fiber

flutter

arrhythmia, very fast but regular rhythm of the atria ventricles (up to 250 bpm)

tachycardia

arrhythmia where fast but regular up to 200 bpm

bradycardia

too slow

cardiac enzymes

blood test that measures the levels of two enzymes that are released when myocardial cells die.

troponin

blood test that measures the levels of two proteins released when myocardial cells die.

homocysteine

test that measures the levels of amino acid homocysteine (elevated levels increase the chance of blood clots, heart attack, stroke, and arteriosclerosis)

c-reactive protein

test that measures levels of inflammation in the body, the more inflammation the higher risk of clots and myocardial infarction

lipid profile

blood test that measures levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoproteins. (HDL, LDL, VLDL

ECG/EKG

relectrocardiography ecords heart electrical activity

holter monitor

procedure to document infrequent arrhythmias involves portable ECG monitor

telemetry

monitors patient heart rate and rhythm

cardiac exercise stress test

procedure to evaluate the heart’s response to exercise.

cardiac catheterization

procedure to study anatomy and pressures in the heart. A catheter is inserted into the femoral r brachial vein and threaded to either side of the heart.

coronary artery bypass graft

CABG pro to bypass occluded coronary artery and restore blood flow.

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

procedure to reconstruct a coronary artery that’s too narrow bcz of arteriosclerosis. (a catheter is inserted and routed to the clogged artery, plaque is compressed with balloon, mesh stent may be inserted.

cardioversion

procedure to treat arrhythmias, electric shock, often uses AED

vers/o

turn

ator

thing that does or produces,

echocardiogram

ultra high frequency sound waves r bounced off the heart to create and image called an echocardiogram

sphygmomanometer

device that measures blood pressure (systolic over diastolic)

sphygm/o

pulse

aspirin

prevents heart attacks by preventing platelets from sticking tg to form clots.

beta-blockers

treats anger pectoris and hypertension by blocking beta receptors, decreases heart rate and dilates the arteries

calcium channel blockers

treats angia pectoris and hypertension by blocking movement of calcium ions

diuretics

water pills that decrease blood pressure by increasing sodium and water excretion in the urine.

nitroglycerins

treats angia pectoris by dilating the arteries to decrease blood pressure

thrombolytics

used to break apart blood clots in arteries

lytic

to break down