bio1911 lab practical

study guide for bio 1911 lab practical at temple university

what drives natural selection?

heritable trait variation, overproduction and competition, environmental pressures, random mutations, sexual selection

variation

differences in physical traits, behaviors, genetic makeups, or physical functions among individuals in the same species or different species

selection

the process where specific traits in a population become less or more common over generations based on how they affect survival and reproduction

how can morphology and genetic data be used to build a phylogenetic tree?

for morphology: they look at physical features, shared derived traits, an outgroup, can use fossils

for genetic data: they compare nucleotide sequences

what is the name of the gene that we used to build the tress in lab 2?

ITS2 gene

parsimony

selecting the simplest explanation that accounts for our observations

how do you construct and find a tree?

to construct: choose the tree that requires the fewest independence genetics events (such as the appearance or disappearance of traits) to occur

to find: select the tree that implies the minimum number of character changes summed across all the characters of interest

ancestor/ancestral

an organism from which a later organism later descended from

polyphyly/polyphyletic

a grouping of organisms that share similar traits but do not share a recent common ancestor

clade

• include an ancestor and all of their descendants

• MONOPHYLETIC

synapomorphy

a shared, derived character or trait that two or more taxonomic groups (taxa) have in common, which they inherited from their most recent common ancestor

fine adjustment knob

microscope part used to focus with high power objectives only

total magnification is the product of the…

ocular lens and objective lens power

compound microscopes use more than one lens

the field of view of the microscope increases with decreasing magnification

what types of objectives are there?

4x, 10x, 40x

what is a the course adjustment knob?

moves the stage up or down, which is the LARGER focusing of the image (big knob)

total magnification for 4x? 10x? 40x?

40x, 100x, 400x

what are the 4 protist supergroups we talked about in lab?

excavata

SAR

unikonta

archaeplastida

protists are usually in the marine environment

what does the Paramecium sp. look like

what are biological aspects of the Paramecium sp.

• supergroup: SAR

• unicellular

• movement: cilia

• heterotrophic

what does the Euglena sp. look like

what are biological aspects of the Euglena sp.

• supergroup: excavata

• unicellular

• movement: flagella

• mixtrophic

what does the Spirogyra sp. look like

what are biological aspects of the Spirogyra sp.

• supergroup: archaeplastida

• multicellular with identical cells (filamentous)

• movement: filaments

• autotrophic

what does the Amoeba sp. look like

what are biological aspects of the Amoeba sp.

• supergroup: unikonta

• unicellular

• movement: pseudopodia

• heterotrophic

what does the Volvox sp. look like

what are biological aspects of the Volvox sp.

• supergroup: archaeplastida

• colonial

• movement: flagella

• autotrophic

what are the 4 plant phyla we covered in class?
(we learned 5 in class tho)

bryophyta

lycophyta

monilophyta

coniferophyta

anthophyta

what is the reproductive process of the phyla bryophyta

gametophyte dominant

NO seeds, nonvascular

MOSS ANTHERIDIUM & ARCHEGONIUM

what is the reproductive process of the phyla lycophyta

sporophyte dominant

NO seeds, vascular

SELAGINELLA STROBILUS

what is the reproductive process of the phyla monilophyta

sporophyte dominant

NO seeds, vascular

FERN ANTHERIDIA & ARCHEGONIA

what is the reproductive process of the phyla coniferophyta

sporophyte dominant

produces seed, vascular

PINE STAMINATE CONE

what is the reproductive process of the phyla anthophyta

sporophyte dominant

flower-bearing, vascular seed plants

LILY ANTHER

what does the Moss antheridium and archegonium look like

what are biological aspects of the Moss antheridium and archegonium

• phylum: bryophyta

• nonvascular

• no seeds

• gametophyte dominant

what does the Selaginella strobilus look like

what are biological aspects of the Selaginella strobilus

• phylum: lycophyta

• vascular

• no seeds

• sporophyte dominant

what does the Fern antheridia and archegonia look like

what are biological aspects of the Fern antheridia and archegonia

• phylum: monilophyta

• vascular

• no seeds

• sporophyte dominant

what does the Fern young sporophyte look like

what are biological aspects of the Fern young sporophyte

• phylum: monilophyta

• vascular

• no seeds

• sporophyte dominant

what does the Pine ovulate cone look like

what are biological aspects of the Pine ovulate cone

• phylum: coniferophyta

• vascular

• seeds

• sporophyte dominant

what does the Pine staminate cone look like

what are biological aspects of the Pine staminate cone

• phylum: coniferophyta

• vascular

• seeds

• sporophyte dominant

what does the Lily anther look like

what are biological aspects of the Lily anther

• phylum: anthophyta

• vascular

• seeds

• sporophyte dominant

what does the Lily developing embryo look like

what are biological aspects of the Lily developing embryo

• phylum: anthophyta

• vascular

• seeds

• sporophyte dominant

what are the major traits of the Phylum Annelida

• metamerism (segmented bodies)

• paired setae on each segment (tiny, hair-like bristles that provide traction, acting as anchors for movement and burrowing)

• grooved palms (sensory appendages on the head (prostomium) used for navigation, probing environment, feeding)

• most have hydrostatic skeleton (expect leeches)

what does the Alitta virens (marine sandworm) look like

label the following external anatomy for the Alitta virens (marine sandworm)

• Palp

• Prostomium

• Peristomium 

• Parapodia

label the following internal anatomy for the Alitta virens (marine sandworm)

• Pharynx 

• Esophagus  

• Esophageal gland 

• Intestine 

• Dorsal blood vessel 

what are the biological traits of Alitta virens (marine sandworm)

• phylum: annelida

• bilateral

• environment: seawater and burrows in the benthos

• feeds by: using its pharynx, it everts its jaw (retractable jaws)

what does the Lumbricus terrestris (terrestrial earthworm) look like

label the following external anatomy for the Lumbricus terrestris (terrestrial earthworm)

• Prostomium 

• Cranial region or “head”

this part is closest to the clitellum of the worm 

• Setae 

• Clitellum  

• Caudal region or “tail”

this part is farthest from the clitellum of the worm  

label the following internal anatomy for the Lumbricus terrestris (terrestrial earthworm)

• Cerebral ganglion

• Pharynx

• Aortic arches

• Esophagus 

• Crop

• Gizzard

• Dorsal blood vessel

• Intestine 

what are the biological aspects of the Lumbricus terrestris (terrestrial earthworm) 

• phylum: annelida

• bilateral

• environment: terrestrail

• feeds by: sucking in food

what are the major traits of the phylum mollusca

• soft-bodied invertebrates

• most species are marine

• radula (two branches)

• muscular foot (both complete and incomplete)

• mantle (protects major internal organs)

what are the major traits of the phylum arthropoda

• segmented, articulating, jointed appendages

• well-developed mouth parts

• exoskeleton (calcified cuticle)

• metamorphosis

• highly developed sensory organs

what are the major traits of the phylum echinodermata

• deuterostomes organized on the oral - aboral axis

• calcified endoskeleton derived from mesoderm

• bony ossicles filled with living tissue (stroma)

• water vascular circulatory system derived from coelom (powers from the podia (tube feet))

• decentralized nerve ring + radial nerves

• mutable connective tissue that can harden, soften

• mostly dioecious (separate sexes)

what does the Loligo sp. (squid) look like

label the following external anatomy for the Loligo sp. (squid)

• Tentacles  

• Arms 

• Head 

• Eye  

• Mantle  

• Fin  

label the following internal anatomy for the Loligo sp. (squid)

• Funnel 

• Stomach  

• Caecum  

• Branchial hearts  

• Systemic heart  

• Gills  

• Gonad (ovary or testes)  

what are the biological aspects of Loligo sp. (squid)

• phylum: mollusca

• bilateral

• environment: marine

• feeds by: using its arms and tentacles to pull the prey into its beak

remember that there are 8 arms and they are shorter and have suction cups on them

there are only 2 tentacles

what does the Cambarus sp. (crayfish) look like

label the following external anatomy for the Cambarus sp. (crayfish)

• Cephalothorax 

• Abdomen 

• Compound eyes 

• antennae/antennules  

• Walking legs 

• Swimmerets 

• cheliped/chelae

label the following internal anatomy for the Cambarus sp. (crayfish)

• Gills 

• Heart 

• Cardiac chamber (optional)  

• Pyloric chamber (optional) 

• Intestine 

• Green glands 

• Ventral nerve cord 

what are the biological aspects of Cambarus sp. (crayfish)  

• phylum: anthropoda

• bilateral

• environment: freshwater

• feeds by: using their chela to catch prey

what does the Asterias sp. (sea star) look like

label the following external anatomy for the Asterias sp. (sea star)

• Madreporite 

• Ambulacral groove 

• Tube feet 

• Mouth  

label the following internal anatomy for the Asterias sp. (sea star)

• Cardiac stomach  

• Pyloric stomach 

• Digestive gland  

• Gonads 

• Stone canal (Optional) 

• Ring canal 

• Radial canal  

what are the biological aspects of Asterias sp. (sea star)

• phylum: echinodermata

• bilateral larvae, radial adults

• environment: marine

• feeds by: using its tube feet to open the shells of bivalves, and once it is open the sea star turns its stomach inside-out to digest the bivalve

what are the major traits of the phylum chordata

• postanal tail

• notochord

• dorsal hollow nerve cord

• pharyngeal slits

• endostyle or thyroid gland

what does the Rana sp. (frog) look like

label the following external anatomy for the Rana sp. (frog)

• Head 

• Eyes 

• Nares (external) 

• Trunk 

• Cloaca  

• Tympanic membrane  

• Nictitating membrane 

Inside of the mouth: 

• Tongue  

• Glottis 

• Esophageal opening 

• Nares (internal) 

• Vomerine teeth 

label the following internal anatomy for the Rana sp. (frog)

• Esophagus 

• Heart 

• Lungs 

• Liver (3 lobes) 

• Gallbladder 

• Pancreas  

• Spleen 

• Stomach 

• Small intestine 

• Large intestine 

• Bladder 

• Gonads - Testes or Oviducts  

what are the biological aspects of Rana sp. (frog)

• phylum: chordata

• class: amphibia

• bilateral

• terrestrial for food & shelter, aquatic for reproduction

• feeds by: shooting out their long tongue and swallows the prey whole. the vomerine teeth secure the prey so they don’t escape

what does the Perca sp. (perch) look like

label the following external anatomy for the Perca sp. (perch)

• Eye 

• Mandible 

• Lateral line 

• Operculum 

• Pectoral fin 

• Pelvic fin 

• Dorsal fin (anterior and posterior)  

• Caudal fin 

• Anal fin 

• Urogenital pore 

label the following internal anatomy for the Perca sp. (perch)

• Gills 

• Heart 

• Liver 

• Spleen 

• Small intestine 

• Testes (male) 

• Ovary (female) 

• Swim bladder 

how to identify a female vs male Perca sp. (perch)

check the two openings on their abdomen in front of their tails

male urogenital opening is round and generally larger in circumference than anal opening

female open is V- or U-shaped that is smaller in circumference than the anal opening

what are the biological aspects of Perca sp. (perch)

• phylum: chordata

• class: actinopterygii

• bilateral

• environment: freshwater

• feeds by: using their mouths to pick off food and uses specialized gill rakers to strain tiny zooplankton and micro-invertebrates out of the water