Typology Discriminators

Structuring

Cash kept just under $10,000, or split the same day across branches, plus knowledge of or intent to avoid the CTR. An indicator is not proof: without intent you need more.

Pass-Through / Rapid movement

In, then out within hours or a day: 85-95% + Forwarded; balance falls back under $800-$2,000

Funnel Account

Cash deposited at ATMs or branches in several distant states, then withdrawn or spent in one home location.

Layering

Extra hops that obscure the source of refunds to unrelated third parties, circular owner loans relabeled “capital contribution”, oversized flows between unrelated industries and jurisdictions

Money mule

Personal account receives from unrelated businesses or individuals and forwards onward.

Concealment via personal accounts

Business revenue collected in employees’ or the owners personal accounts hides the real flow of funds

Beneficial Ownership / shell

Offshore trust, layered holding companies, a director on 150+ companies, no employees or operations. Concern = natural-person owners cannot be identified

Payment Diversion

Long-standing supplier suddenly says “pay this new consulting company instead”; no link: opaque owners

Corruption / PEP

Parties who need a government decision pay a PEP’s close relative for vague “consulting” with little works shown