HNF 150 Exam 2

fat soluble vitamins

Vitamins A, D, E, K

water soluble vitamins

B Vitamins: Thiamin (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Folate, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Biotin, Pantothenic acid

and

Vitamin C, choline

Digestion of fat soluble vitamins

bile and pancreatic enzymes

Absorption of fat soluble vitamins

First into the lymph, then the blood, in small intestine

transport of fat soluble vitamins

travels with protein carriers in watery body fluids

Storage of fat soluble vitamins

stored in liver and fatty tissue

stored longer

toxicity of fat soluble vitamins

rare from food, more from supplements

digestion of water soluble vitamins

cleave from protein in stomach

absorption of water soluble vitamins

directly into the blood

transport of water soluble vitamins

travel freely in watery fluids

storage of water soluble vitamins

shortly stored

small amounts in variety of tissues and organs

toxicity of water soluble vitamins

unlikely

excess is released through urine before toxicity builds up

how are vitamin recommendations determined?

through balance studies which measure how much comes in and out with a variation of people. RDA set where 95% of people meet the requirments

Vitamin D functions

absorption of calcium and phosphorus and regulation of them in the blood

bone metabolism assistance

Vitamin D deficiency diseases

rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis

rickets risks and symptoms

children are at a risk for rickets

bowed legs, beaded ribs

osteomalacia risks and symptoms

women who are pregnant, get little sun, have kidney disease, or have darker skin are at risk

bone pain, fractures, softening bones, compressed vertebrae

Osteoporosis risks and symptoms

older adults are at risk

bone breaks, falls due to decreased bone strength

Vitamin D toxicity likelhood

from excessive supplementation (not from sun exposure)

500-1000mg = toxic

Vitamin D toxicity symptoms

hyperglycemia, kidney stones, hypertension

hyperglycemia

high blood sugar, levels of calcium

hypertension

hardening of blood vessels

Vitamin D food sources

fatty fish, milk, cereals, juices, some mushroom

Are vitamin D vitamins essential?

No, we can produce from sunlight

what are the 2 forms of vitamin D?

D2 and D3

Where are D vitamins activated?

Liver and kidney

Vitamin K functions

K1= Coagulation, blood clotting

K2= Calcium, bone, teeth metabolism

Vitamin K deficiency

little to no diseases
rare to be deficient

Vitamin K population at risk

Newborns- given an injection at birth and if parents refuse they can be at risk
Long term antibiotic users
impaired fat malabsorption
Megadoses of A and E

Vitamin K toxicity

Very rare but pregnant women and infants can be at risk for toxicity, jaundice

Vitamin K food sources

Leafy greens, seed oils, fermented foods

People taking anticoagulants should maintain a consistent intake of vitamin K so that their drug dosage does not need to be redjusted

...

Vitamin A functions

Vision
Cell different-ion
Growth, embryonic development
immune function

Vitamin A deficiency diseases

Nightblindess
Xeropthamia
Macular degeneration

nightblindness

Slow recovery after flashes of light

Xeropthamia

eyes have grey spots

macular degeneration

blurred vision

Vitamin A risk

Poverty
Alcoholics
Liver Disease
Fat Malabsorption
Premature babies
Kids in 3r world countries
People who do not consume green/orange veggies or fruits

Vitamin toxicity likelihood

People who take excessive amount of Vitamin A can be at risk

Headaches, dizziness, liver damage, hair loss

Vitamin A food sources

Broccoli, cucumber, carrots, cheese, oranges

Vitamin E functions

antioxidant, disease prevention

Vitamin E deficiency diseases

hemolytic ahemia: hemolysis
neurological changes
Immune function impairment

at risk of vitamin E deficeny

premature babies
smokers
crohns
cystic functions
fat malabsorption disease

Vitamin E toxicity

relatively non-toxic

interference with K can cause hemorhaging

Vitamin E food sources

nuts, seeds, seed oils, whole grains

Vitamin C functions

antioxidant, immune system, collagen synthesis, iron absorption, may help reduce cancer and heart disease

deficiency disease of vitamin C

Scurvy

Scurvy symptoms

gum bleeding, joint bleeding, death, diarrhea, bone pain, hemorrhages around hair follicles

Population at risk for vitamin C deficency

older age
chronic disease or malabsorption

Vitamin C toxicity

low chance

lack of vitamin C prevents normal synthesis of collagen

Vitamin C food sources

Citrus fruit, peppers, fruits, vegtables

What is B1, B2, B3, Biotin, and Panthoenic acid job

help breakdown of carbs, fat, and protein for energy

What is B6 job

help make protein from amino acids

what is the job of B12 and B9

help cells multiply

What are B vitamins as a whole

Helpers and Co-enzymes

Thiamin functions

1. energy metabolism
2. Synthesis of DNA and RNA
3. functioning of nervous systems- needs glucose for energy

Thiamin deficiency diseases

1. Beri Beri
2. wernicke-korsakoff syndrome

Beri Beri

Dry: inactivity with indicate calories, weakness, confusion, memory loss, weight loss, loss of appetite, nerve damage, muscle wasting

Wet: severe physical exertion and high carb intake, all dry symptoms + GI, cardiovascular impairment, enlarged heart, heart failure, EDEMA

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Can happen w/ alcoholics, symptoms mimic being drunk, infant deficiency: inadequate thiamin in breastmilk, blue baby

at risk for thiamin deficiency

older adults, alcoholics, GI diseases

Thiamin food sources

whole foods, protein, fruits, vegetables, grains

Benefits of tart cherries

high in fiber, possium, A, C, and other antioxidants

contain phytochemical: melatonin, anthoyamins, and flavanoids

What is the first thing you should think of when thinking about antioxidants

Plants!!

Riboflavin functions

1. Energy metabolism
2. Activation of other B vitamins
3. Antioxidant synthesis

Riboflavin disease deficancy

ariboflavinosis

Ariboflavinosis

sore throat and swollen mucous membranes, cracked lips

At risk for riboflavin deficiency

lower dietary intake
adolescent girls/elderly, alcoholism, poor diet
malabsorption disorders

riboflavin food sources

dairy, eggs, meat, liver, some nuts and seeds, green leafy veggies, enriched and whole grains

Niacin functions

1. coenzymes: NAD and NADP used in oxidation/reduction reactions
2. used in over 200 reactions: energy metabolism, alcohol metabolism, fatty acids synthesis

What are the 2 forms of Niacin

nicotinic acid and nicotinamide

Niacin deficiency

Pellagra

Pellagra

rough skin, rash on sun exposed skin, dementia, diarrhea, death, dermatitis

risk for niacin deficiency

poorly nourished, alcoholics

Niacin food sources

nuts, whole grains, fish, meat, protein

Folate functions

DNA synthesis, cell division, folate works with b12, amino acid metabolism, converting 1 AA to another AA, formation of neurotransmitters

Folate food sources

Liver, legumes, leafy greens, fresh food, fortified grains, oranges

antioxidant vitamins

vitamins that work to limit the formation of oxygen free radicals

Why is it better to get vitamins from food than supplements?

How do B vitamins assist with energy metabolism?

By acting as coenzymes

WIC

a special supplemental food program for women, infants, and children, sponsored by the USDA

Thrifty food plan

least costly nutritious diet for family, determined by US department of Agriculture, updated monthly, meets 100%!! of RDA's

food security

People's ability to access sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life.

food insecurity

a condition in which people do not have adequate access to food

low food security

households reduced the quality, variety, and desirability of their diets, but the quantity of food intake and normal eating patterns were not substantially disrupted

High food security

no reported indications of food-access problems or limitations

poverty line

A method used to count the number of poor people, it considers what a family must spend for an "austere" standard of living.

Food Stamps (SNAP)

a voucher issued by the government to those on low income, exchangeable for food.

national school lunch and breakfast programs

provides nutritionally balanced, low-cost or free lunches to children each school day

summer food service program

ensures that low-income children continue to receive nutritious meals when school is not in session.

senior nutrition program

provides nutritious meals in a social congregate setting, education and shopping assistance, counseling and referral to other needed services, and transportation to necessary appointments
(25% of the nation's elderly poor benefit from this program)

TANF

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
States determine the eligibility of needy families and the benefits and services those families will receive

Earned income tax credit

a "negative income tax" that provides income to very poor individuals in lieu of charging them federal income taxes

emergency food assistance

A Federal program that helps supplement the diets of low-income Americans, including elderly people, by providing them with emergency food and nutrition assistance at no cost

food recovery

collecting wholesome surplus food for distribution to low-income people who are hungry

stunting

the failure of children to grow to a normal height for their age due to severe and chronic malnutrition

wasting

the tendency for children to be severely underweight for their age as a result of malnutrition

Triple Burden of Malnutrition

many countries now facing this; undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies on the one hand, and overweight and obesity on the other

food apartheid

a term coined by food justice advocates to describe the stark inequalities in food environments by race that arise from public and corporate policies

food sovereignty

the ability of an individual nation to control its own food system

B12 vitamin function

1. Needed for DNA and RNA synthesis\function
2. Maintain myelin sheaths that surround and protect neurons
3. fatty acid metabolism