Unit 4 APAFAM

Ida

Negritude

people in France and their Black Power Movement

• Paris France as a hub of performers, artists, veterans, and intellectuals gathered

Artists ex: Josephine Baker, Calude McKay, Anna Julia Copper, Countee Cullen, Alain Locke, langston Hughes, etcc

Negrismo

Literacy from people in the African diaspora, hypodescent and phenotype

• coined by French-speaking Caribbean and African writers protesting colonialism and assimilation of Black people into European culture.

4.1
The Négritude and Negrismo Movements (Les Fehtiches + others not included)

Describing the Double Consciousness and intersectionality using African masks and other masks to express or hide its identity.

These artists are Black artists with different backgrounds, but are all exploring what it means to be Black; they are searching on how to preserve culture and history.

Emerging Civil Rights Movement

For need to eradicate segregation + ensure federal protection of rights guaranteed by Reconstruction Amendments and the Civil Rights Act of 1875!

• Context: Segregation, Jim Crow followed migrants from Great Migration + no equal citizenship!

• Racial discrimination in education, housing, transportation, voting etc

Brown v Board of Education

• Oliver Brown wanted to enroll daughter into a white school but couldn't! Filed a class-action suit against Board of Edu!

• 1952 led by NAACP (Thurgood Marshall) —> presented 5 different cases of segregation, legal arguments on how unconstitutional segregation was + went to Supreme Court

• Thus, May 17, 1954 → Plessy v Fergurson (Separate but Equal) doctrine declared unconstitutional!!!!

Affereffects (cons) from Brown v Board of Edu

System of segregation was so ingrained and so strong within white community that schools were shut down for years

• Funding for integrated schools were cut and funding was funneled into predominantly white schools —> schools were still mostly segregated

• White families moved to places inaccessible by public transportation or simply cut resources for transportation to where their schools are 

Red-lining

• Redlining (imaginary line, shade areas where Black ppl could or could not get housing laws in) Black ppl segregated same areas → not same equal opportunity to live in prominent neighborhood

• Suppress wealth social mobility and functional infrastructure

Gl Benefits

• AFTER WW2, G.I. Bill of 1944 designed to create race-neural gesture of gesture toward veterans returning from war who were African American

• This was because 1.2 million Black Veterans, suppose to receive funds for college tuition, receive low-cost home mortgages, and low-interest startup loans but due to Jim Crow, DID NOT before!

6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion (not a source but lwk love this)

• Major Charity E. Adams and Captain Mary Kearney Inspect Members of the 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion IN England 1945

• Sorted through 3 yr backlog of mail (17 mill without full names or specific addresses) + on front lines

Bessie Coleman

• Bessie Coleman got her pilot license two full years before Amelia Earhart

• Earned her license from Federation Aeronautique Internationale on June 15, 1921 (In France)

• Proved women had the capacity to be pilots

• Stunt pilot–died in 1 of her shows 

White Flight

When large numbers of African-Americans could afford houses in a white neighborhood, the white neighbors who could afford it would move away

• leaves neighborhoods in decline as resources follow the white families

Fair Housing Act 1968

• his benefits Black people as now they have a place where they can start (just coming in from soldier)

• People who are born with different disabilities may not be unable to work → Housing Act helps!

  • Ex: Steps + Wheelcar stall + bars 

• Gayborhood! More inclusion!!

The Double V Campaign

• launched by the Pittsburgh Courier, a leading Black newspaper, urging African Americans to fight for a "double victory":

• victory abroad and at home, had a huge meaning for Black Americans who extremely were disgusted at the treatment of their home

• Didn’t wear uniform out of fear of being beaten to death

• Housing discrimination intensified pre-existing disparities between African Americans and white people —> CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NAACP

• Formed in 1909, leader = Roy Wilkins

• Interracial organization fought discrimination and racial violence through legal campaigns

• WEB Dubois + Idea B. Wells founder

• Rosa Parks, local NAACP secretary helped launch Montgomery Bus Boycott

Negritude/Negrismo Movements

• Political cultural and literary movement of 1930s-1950s where Caribbean and African writers protested colonialism and assimilation of Black ppl into European culture

• Negritude Movement and new New Negro Movement → helped inspire numerous ppl

• Embrace heritage!

Kenneth Clark famous doll test

provide racial discrimination was having harmful impact on children

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

• Most influential organizatons of the CIVIL WAR!

  • Members mainly Black ministers

  • Church as a safe place to organize  → center of Black people, could mobilize thousands!

  • Under first president, Martin Luther King Jr: Coordinated actions with churches and other local organizations to launch major protests:

    • Ex: Selma Voting Rights March (1965)

Congress Racial Equality (CORE)

• Civil Rights organization established by Black and White students in Chicago in 1942

  • Ex: organized sit-ins, voter registration drives + freedom rides of 1961

  • Leader = James Farmer

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

• Founded in 1960s when Ella Baker assisted students interested in SCLC’s activism in founding their own organization after Greensboro sit-ins

  • Used grassroots organizing for nonviolent, direct-action protests

  • Jail, Patrons would throw food on them, threaten them

  • Jails would get full and Police would be forced to let them go!

Ella Baker

• Human rights activist

• Key activists who organised guided and inspired

• Coined “Mother of the Civil Rights Movement”

• Helped run SCLC, had a hand in sit-ins that were organized

• Left group to support SNCC

John Lewis

• Leader of the SNCC

  • Greater attention to urgency of civil rights and African Americans’ need for protection from racial violence 

  • Member of House of Representatives in 1986. Fight for voting rights and participated in Bloody Sunday Selma March

Prompted groups to take action?

• Memory of the Scottsboro Boys’ case was on everybody’s mind → Jailed and put on trial on false charges of raping 2 White women.

  • Black Communist Party was able to have these boys released 

• Civil Rights Organization came together to chip away

  • ⭐1955: Lynching of Emmett Till

Emmett Till

Broke African American community + supporters

Open casket funeral, display for 5 days in church

• Civil Rights Movement → Jet Magazine had photos of Emmett Till  

• Ruled perpetrators weren’t guilty  → Jam 1956 → Bro admitted to the murder

• Happened after Brown v Board → Many  other publications picked up the story → explained hypocrisy, justice, and freedom

Nonviolent protests - Children’s crusade

• Happened in 1963 in Birmingham, Alabama

• Children protested because their parents could not (risk death, loss of jobs, etc)

• In Alabama, over 1000 school aged children left school to protest

• - parents lwk had work + looked worse if they beat up a kid

What happened to kids in Children;s crusades

• Trained in non-confrontation

• Met with police, dogs, and fire hoses, The Word was dismayed at the treatment of children (Fire hoses tore at skin!)

• Used a radio to their advantage → told adults to tell radios at specific time and then they walked out and protested

Songs —> to know for Ap

We Shall Overcome, - national black anthem → inspires Black culture and identity

Steal Away - call for freedom + how they resisted and then used Underground railroad

This little light of mine - widely recognized gospel song and civil rights anthem, express solidarity and strength against injustice and fear.

Bayard Rustin

 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (1963) - Organized by him, an openly gay advisor to Civil Rights leaders.

It ended in success- it drew in 250,000 participants and M.L.K. Jr. gave his most famous and misquoted speech, “I have a Dream”

Montgomery Bus Boycott (December 1955- December 1956)

Claudette Colvin + Rosa Parks —> refused to give up their seat (Colvin considered too imperfect cuz she was pregnant at like 15)

Civil Rights Movement — What movements did this Inspire? (IMPORYTANT FOR AP)

• Black Power, Gay Liberation, Chicago Movement, Disability Rights, Nuyorican Movement, Women’s Rights, American Indian Movement, and Asian American Movement

African Solidarity

• In 1950s and 60s, African American leaders, activists, and writers visited the continent of Africa

  • Wanted to express their support for the decolonization of Africa

  • Some embraced pan-Africanism and advocated for cultural unity of all people of African descent

  • Republic of Ghana’s independence fro British colonial rule inspired many American activists to visit

Malcolm X

Malcolm X

• Penly encouraged Africans to exercise their right to vote and bear arms

• Self defense, sense of dignity, and solidarity influenced political groups that emerged during the Black Power Movement 

  • Malcolm’s X ideas evolved over his lifetime

  • Towards end of life, he left NOI and sought to find a more inclusive political agenda that promoted human rights while protesting injustices abroad

The Black Panther Party for Self Defense + Whats the 10 point program?

• Began because Malcolm X got assassinated  —> Fighting against Police brutality → African Americans should have the right to fight back!

  • Self Defense!!! → having guns → got it from Marcus Garvey and malcolm X

• 10 point program → Cooking → Free breakfast program, Free medical assistance, healthcare, education, and employment opportunities Sickle cell, etc 

• Programs were so effective that some were borrowed by the government

Fannie Lou Hamer

• stressed the importance of addressing both racism and gender discrmination during the Black Freedom Movement. Civil Rights Activist!

• sharecropper who wanted to exercise her voting rights and was repeatedly denied.
  - founded MFDP!

  • She was evicted from her farm and testified at the Democratic National Convention. Argued for Black voice to be heard in the democratic party!

   Her testimony made President Lyndon B. Johnson so afraid, tried to cut away from her testimony with a special announcement and it backfired.

Dorothy Height

coined the Godmother of the Civil Rights Movement. 

She led the National Council of Negro Women for 40 years!

She routinely worked on civil rights projects with the Big Six leaders, including work on the March on Washington. 

Rosa Gragg

Rosa Gragg was an educator,  human rights activist, politician, and founded the first vocational Black school in Detroit, Michigan. 

She was also great friends with Mary McLeod Bethune.

Gloria Richardson ⭐

• First woman to lead a civil rights organization outside of the south. 

• She led the Cambridge Nonviolent Action Committee, based in Maryland.
  This group advocated for the Treaty of Cambridge in 1963- it sought to address housing discrimination and unemployment. 

• She also participated in the Freedom Rides and the March on Washington.

• Malcolm X shouted her out for her ability to “incite and excite” in speech “Message to the Grassroots.”

Coordinating Council of Community Organizations (CCCO)

• established to protest school segregation in Chicago.

• Before disbanding in 1967, it turned its attention to the issue of housing discrimination, which was plaguing Black Chicagoans. 

NYC School Boycott:

1964, 464,000 students boycotted school to protest racial segregation. That is nearly half of New York City’s public school population!

This was the largest single-day civil rights protest in U.S. History.

“Little Rock” by Nicolás Guillén, 1959

Little Rock Nine school integration crisis. The bilingual poem denounces segregation,

Through the use of art in Civil Rights Movment…

International attentiomn brought + Black artist contributed through various forms of expression.

*Artists, Performers, Poets, Musicians*

• strengethened similar efforts by Afro-descendant ppl

• ex: Little Rock, aint gonna let somebody turn me around

Nicholas Gullen

examined the connections of the anti-Black racism in the United States and in Latin America.
+ Victoria Santa Cruz

Charles Mingus

• composed protest songs reliant on African American musical traditions like call and response. 

• This music drew global attention to the acts of white supremacist responses to racial integration in the United States.

• The song was written in response to the Little Rock Crisis in 1959.

• The call and response mocks the foolish responses of Governor Orval E. Fabus.

Year of Return (Ghana)

It’s an initiative to reunite African descendants to the continent.

**Many African Americans can get dual citizenship and can open up businesses in Ghana due to this initiative. 

See below for a podcast on Ghana’s initiative and an update on how it is going. 

what was the impact of diasporic soldiarity?

• Helped reach Black Freedom Movement (+ Civil rights movement) —> helped abolish Jim Crow Laws and practices

• empowered Black Power Movement and increased Black pride and consciousness

nation of islam

Many people turned to this particular group because they felt nonviolent strategies were not working. They were looking for a group that supported Black Pride.

Black Power promoted self-determination, defended violence as a viable strategy, and wanted to transform Black consciousness.

Toni Morrison

Toni Morrison was one of the most celebrated writers in the world. 

She was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for her book Beloved in 1988 and the Nobel Prize in 1993 for Literature.

Other books you may recognize is: The Bluest Eye, Sula, and Song of Solomon.

Gwendolyn Brooks

• First African American to win a Pulitzer Prize

• Known for her poetry

• Black feminist —> highlighted the quiet desires, struggles, and lives of Black women in cities, making their experiences worthy of epic poetry, such as in "The Anniad"

Hip Hop

• Culture born out of collaboration between the Black and Latino community in Bronx, New York

  • Started 1970s

  • Djs began playing with music, added improvisational vocal rhymes played with turntable records (mixing and scratching) extending break of the song 

• Emerged in the wake of the Black Freedom and Black Arts Movement from 1960s to 1970s

  • Blended Afrocentric fashion, Black Nationalissm, jazz and poetry to create a unique AFrican American identity

• 4.17 source

Queen Latifah, TuPac, NWA & Kendrick Lamar increase awareness of Black political issues to a global audience

Oscar Micheaux ⭐ ⭐

• He created opportunities for all-Black casts to perform a range of roles. They challenged negative stereotypes and paved the way for future Black Directors to produce in TV and film!

• presented Black life and realistic, complex characters. Allowed Film makers like Ryan Coogler!
  
  He produced over 50 Indie films between the 1920s-1940s.

Fences Play August Wilson

• debuted in 1987. 

• It details the conflicts and heroism in the African-American community. It focuses on race, relationships, and communities. 

• This play was so thought-provoking, and real that people loved it. It didn’t gloss over issues or make less of them. It was turned into a movie in 2016. 

Theatre and Acting

• The Great Migration and economic growth helped the merging Black Theatre grow

  • Theaters tackled social political and general life issues important to Black life and offered a window into Black Joy

Black Sitcoms

• TV shows tried to capture culture and diversity since 1970s → what was life like for rich/poor or others

• Popular shows were the Jefferesons, The Cosby Show, Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Good Times, and Blackish.

  • These shows highlighted the upward mobility of Black family units 

• Netflix was airing Black Face 

• Orange is the new Black → black sitcoms opened gate wasy 

Soul Train

• Began in Chicago, created by Don Cornelius in 1971 (ended 2006)

• Best dancers danced on the ‘Soul Train.’ A special musical guest and dancers did their thing for an hour long block on televisions across America

  • Full of style, fashion, and swag

• Black culture and popular artists were now in homes across America: ex: Stevie Wonder, Smokey Robinson, James Brown 

Kentucky Derby (1875 and 1877)

• After the Reconstruction period, many Black athletes were breaking racial barriers in racially segregated sports. 

• Oliver Lewis and William “Billy” Walker won it as Black men and set expectations that the next winner would also be Black until 20th century

Colored Hockey League of the Maritimes 1895

• Pioneering all-Black hockey league that significantly impacted hockey history

• • challenges stereotypes by proving Black athletes’ skill

  • Resistance against racism + gave community soldiarity

National Negro League : 8 teams!!!

• African-American athletes had to create their own teams and leagues

  • Negro Leagues, baseball, was founded immediately after the Civil War and continued through the 1960s

Naomi GOSAKA

• To break the colored barrier, they had a look that would be tolerated and personality that could brush off the barrage of racial epithets thrown at them 

  • Some people were record holders in their one right 

Althea Gibson i

• First Black Grand- Slam winner for tennis (also golfed)

Jackie Robinson

broke color barrier for Major League Baseball

Muhammad Ali

• challenging white supremacy, promoting Black pride, and resisting systemic oppression through his activism and refusal to fight in the Vietnam War

• He was a Civil Rights activist

• +member of the Nation of Islam.

Tommie Smith + John Carlos @ 1968 Olympics

• This was their non-violent protest against racial discrimination. 

• Showing solidarity with the Black Freedom Movement during the playing of the “Star Spangled Banner.”

• They were openly booed by the crowd.

Colin Kaepernick

• Another peaceful, non-violent protest in 2016.

• kneeling during the national anthem. 

• It was to bring a national spotlight to police brutality

• Kaepernick was essentially black-listed from the NFL.

⭐Katherine Johnson

 pioneering mathematician in NASA that allowed us to go to the moon

• critical in succes of U.S manned spaceflights

• Over came racial barriers!

⭐Mae Jemison 

first Black woman to o to to space (Source 4.2)General practioner, applied to become an astronaunt 

• Made history, science mission → moton cells, environmental studies college, 1993 guest stared onSTart-TRack

Black Medical schools —> how were they established

though HBCUS

• shed through the HBCUS!

  • NAtional MEdical association supported the training of Black medical professionals, since they were initially barred from entering the American Medical association

  • Black Angels!

 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) 1900s

• built upon civil rights achievement that outlawed JIm Crow by prohibiting discrimination in areas of housing, employment, and government programs 

  • Created a interdisciplinary link to African diaspora!

Afrofuturism

• envision Black lives in futuristic environments. (Source 4.21)

  • Reimagines black pasts without oppression

    • Envisions Afro-centered Afro-centric futures of the world

      • Helps create new possibilities for Black people with intersections of aft, music, fashion, film, literature, and architecture

⭐Octavia E. Butler

• No evidence of Black bodiest

• Reclaiming oast → uses sound stories to show its evolution 

• Black society has a future beyond the clouds! 

• CHildren of Fire and bone 

• Children of blood and stone

One of ur sources is reliable:

• I determined my source was reliable because I looked up the author and they have written many articles and have done research on this topic. Other people have even used their research for their papers.

Ralph Abernathy

American civil rights activist and Baptist minister. He was ordained in the Baptist tradition in 1948. Being a leader of the civil rights movement, Abernathy was a close friend and mentor of Martin Luther King Jr. and collaborated with him and E. D

Black Religious Nationalism

Groups like Nation of Islam (Elihjah Muhammed + MAlcolm x) offered an altenratuve philosophy which sought to integrate African Americans and whites

Instead Nation of Islam suggested self defense for protection against violence and self determination to achieve their politucal aspirations

Unit 2 is what time period

16th century through 1865

Unit 3 s what time period

1865-1940s

Unit 4 s what time period

1940s to 2000s

Missy Elliot → What she did for Afrofuturism:

• Speculative fiction

  • Star Trek

  • Where Black cultures thrive 

    • John Boyega 

    • Billy Dee Williams

    • Donald Glover

    • Levar Burton

Onesimus

nslaved man who made people in the 13 Colonies aware of variolation (the spread of viruses). 

This helped reduce the amount of smallpox instances in the colonies.

Black Angels ⭐

Black nurses were willing to go into hospitals during epidemics whereas most white doctors and nurses were not.

Black nurses helped during plagues (promised greater pay but were not given)

John Lewis ⭐

Chairman of SNCC

First among the freedom riders

Led a march for voting rights in Selma, Alabama, “Bloody Sunday”

When did the civil war happen

1861-1865

When did Reconstruction ?

1865-1877

Civil Rights Movement

1960s-1970s

Ida B. Wells-Barnett

Journalist and anti-lynching crusader.

• wrote the red record about the lynchings!

Thurgood Marshall

NAACP lawyer who argued Brown v. Board of Education and became the first Black Supreme Court Justice.