Bio exam 3

life history

schedule of growth,development, reproduction and longvity

fecundity

number of kids produced per reproductive episodes

parity

number of reproductive episodes

parental investment

amount of time and energy given to kids

longevity

life span

how many offspring replace an adult

one that grows up to be an adult

how do life history traits vary? (2)

in respect to life form, habitat, environment and variation in one trait correlates to variation in others

complex life cycle

individuals lives in different habitats or experiences change in body

what percent of organisms have complex life cycles

80

what is an extreme complex life style

metapmorphosis

principle of allocation

resources given to a body structure, body fucntion, or behavior that cant be given to another

what does natural selection favor

organisms who allocate for max fitness

what do induviduals try to do with reproduction

make as many successful kids as possible

determinate growth

after reproduction starts females dont grow anymore

indeterminate growth

growth continues after reproduction- but slows down

what should long life favor

growth over fecundity in early years

semelparity

reproduce once- they live in more extreme ecologicl conditions

iteroparity

reproduce multiple times in life (selection favors fast reproduction)

annual

life span of one year

perennial

life span more than 1 year

senescence

gradual decrease in fecunidty with increase prob of in mortality

photoperiod

amount of light in a day- organisms can sense

what do cellular mechanisms in long living organisms do

reduce production of reactive forms of o2 and repair damaged dna and protein molecules

sexual reproduction

progeny inherit dna from 2 parents through a combination of 2 gametes

what are haploid germ cells and how are they made

gametes, gonads through meiosis

how many chromosomes do gametes have

a full set

asexual reproduction

progeny get dna from single parent

vegetative reproduction

kid made from nonsexual tissues of parent plant

how do plants do vegetative reprodution

making new shoots that sprout from leaves, roots, rizhomes

clones

descendasexual and have same genotype as parent

binary fission

reproduce by duplicating genes then dividing the cell into 2 same cells (bacteria)

parthogenesis

produce embryo without fertilization

parthogenesis offspring from dipliod eggs are usually

female and dipliod

pro/con of sexual reproduction

lots of energy but more genetic variation

cost of meiosis

50% reduction in parent genes to kid with sexual reproduction

how do hermaphrodites offset the cost of meiosis

they contribute 2x as many copies of its genes then an only m/f can

what can sexual reproduction do

purge mutations through different mechanisms

clonal selection

induviduals retaining nonmutated genotype and produces next gen

red queen hypothesis

sexual reproduction allows host to evolve fast enough to counter the fast evolution of parasties

simultaneous hermaphrodite

m/f structures function at same time

sequential hermaphrodite

one sexual function then switches to other

perfect flowers

both m/f parts in flowers

monoecious

separate m/f flowers on same plant

diecious

has only m or f parts

selfing

induviduals use m gametes to fertilize own f gametes, not best method but better than no kids

mammal gender chromosomes

f=xx m=xy

birds gender chromosomes

m=zz. f=zw

grasshoppers gender chromosomes

f= 2 sex chromosomes, m=1 sex chromosome

wasp gender chromosome

m= not fertilized, f= fertilized egg

enviormental sex determination

sez determined by enviorment, ex. if a m dies an f can become the m

tempurature dependent sex determinations is an ex of

phenotypic plasticity

does the least popular sex have more or less luck mating

more, bc they compete with less others

frequency dependent selection

natural selection favors rarer phenotype

local mate competition

competition for mates happen in limited area- only need a couple m for a bunch of f pregos

sexual selection

natural selectioni picks for sex specific traits related to reproduction

sexual dimorphism

difference in phenotype of m/f in same species

primary sexual characteristics

traits related to fertilization (gonads)

secondary sexual characteristics

traits related to bidy size, ornaments, color, courtship

honest signals

traits are accurate rep of individual preformance

nonmaterial benefits

intangible psycological contributions to ecosystem of mate

material benefits

physical items a m can give to f (nesting site, territory, food)

good genes hypothesis

individuals picks mate based on best genes

runaway sexual selection

pick a preferance of sexual trait and selection of it reinforces each other

handicap principle

bigger the handicap the more it is made up for in other traits

mating systems

number of mates one has and the permanance of their relationship

promiscuity

one has multiple partners and no bind

polygany

one has long term relationship with multiple others

polygyny

m with more than 1 f

polyandry

f with more than.1 m

monogamy

long lasting relationship through period of kids

extra pair copulations

f has long relationship with 1 but actually sex with others

mate gaurding

partner prevents extra pair copulations

social behaviors

interactions with members of one’s own species: mates, offspring, other relatives, and unrelated conspecifics

predator detection/evasion

a group can fend off predators better than individual

dilution effect

reduced probability of predation to one animal when in a group

probability of death while in a group equation

1/ group size

vigilance group size effect/ many eyes effect

with more people watching the individual gets to watch less and feed more

group benefits

food location, mate finding

lek

location of an animal aggregation to put of a display to get mate

group costs

easy to see by predators, diseases,competition, aggression

donor

indivual who directs behavior toward another in a social interaction

recipient

individual who recies the behavior of a donor in a social interaction

cooroperation

donor and recipient get increased fitness from the social interaction(lions hunting in pack)

selfishness

donor experiences increased fitness, recip has decreased fitness (competition)

spitefulness

donor and recip experiences decreased fitness

altruism

social interaction increases recip fitness, decreases donor fitness

direct fitness

fitness one gains by passing on copies of its genes to its offspring

indirect fitness

fitness one gains by helping relatives pass on their genes

inclusive fitness

sum of direct and indirect fitness

direct selection

selection that favors direct fitness

indirect/ kin selection

selection favoring indirect fitness

coefficient of relatedness

numerical prob of individual and its relatives carrying copies of same genes from recent common ancestor

eusocial animals

type of animal society that has overlapping gens, cooperation in nest building and brood care, reproductive dominance heirarchy

eusocial animal characteristics

1. adults living in a group

2. overlapping generations

3. cooperation in nest building and brood care

   1. reproduction dominance and presence of sterile individuals

caste and queen

social group with specialized form of behavior, dominant egg laying f

haplodiploid

sex determination system in where 1 sez in haploid and the other is diploid

neutralism

no effect/ insignificant effect interaction (pro doesnt happen)

amensalism

no effect for 1, negative for other

commmensalism

no effect for 1, positive for other

competition

negative for both