REVIEW 1: INORG CHEM

Inorganic chemistry

Is defined as the branch of chemistry that focuses on the classification and properties of inorganic compounds, which are primarily characterized by the absence of carbon and its compounds, with certain exceptions such as carbonates

• Carbonates

• bicarbonates

• Carbon dioxide

• Carbon monoxide

Few exceptions of carbon containing compounds that are part of inorganic chemistry

Inorganic chemistry

This field encompasses a wide range of substances, including metals, minerals, and salts, which may involve ionic bonds (involve losing and gaining electron)

Pharmaceutical inorganic chemistry

Is the branch of science that studies the preparation, properties, identification, and medicinal uses of inorganic compounds and metal-based elements used as drugs, diagnostic agents, or pharmaceutical aids

1st: O2 (non-metal)

2nd: Si (non-metal)

3rd: Al (most abundant metal)

Most abundant element

N2

Most abundant air gas

Air = N2 + O2 [71:29]

Air composition

Ar

Most abundant noble gas

Kr, Xe

Least abundant noble gas

PISO:

K⁺ IN, Na⁺ OUT

PICO:

HPO₄²⁻ IN, Cl⁻ OUT

Most abundant/major/principal/1° intra-& extracellular ions

MICO:

Mg²⁺ IN, Ca²⁺ OUT

BIO:

HCO₃⁻ OUT

2nd most abundant/minor/2° intra-&extracellular ions

HCO₃⁻ (bicarbonate) : H₂CO₃ (carbonic acid)

Most important physiological buffer system

Acidic

Is CO2 acidic or basic

Carbonic acid

CO2 is acidic because it is converted into

Respiratory acidosis

Increase of CO2 in the body causes

Respiratory alkalosis

Decrease of CO2 in the body causes

Respiratory acidosis

Increase carbonic acid leads to

Respiratory alkalosis

Decrease carbonic acid leads to

Kidney

Metabolic processes in the body is primarily regulated by the

Kidney

This primarily regulates HCO₃⁻ (bicarbonates)

Basic

In terms of its characteristic, HCO₃⁻ (bicarbonates) is

Metabolic acidosis

A decrease of HCO₃⁻ in the body leads to

Metabolic alkalosis

An increase of HCO₃⁻ in the body leads to

NaHCO₃ (sodium bicarbonate)

DOC (Drug of choice) for metabolic acidosis is

FeC CaD SeE

Vitamins for maximum mineral absorption mnemonic

Vitamin C

The vitamin for better iron absorption

CuSO4 (blue vitriol)

This can enhance Fe utilization in the body

Vitamin D

The vitamin for better absorption of calcium

Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)

This vitamin is produced when UV-B rays from sunlight are absorbed by a cholesterol derivative called 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin, which triggers a chemical reaction that converts it into this vitamin

7-dehydrocholesterol

Type of cholesterol in the skin

Cholecalciferol

Vitamin D3 (made in the skin)

Ergocalciferol

Vitamin D2 (from plants/fungi - supplements)

calcitriol

The active form of vitamin D (made by the kidney)

Vitamin E

The vitamin for better absorption of selenium

Black cylinder

Universal standard container for N2 (nitrogen)

Blue cylinder

Universal standard container for NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) and N2O (nitrous oxide)

N2O (nitrous oxide)

Is used as an inhaled anesthetic

Blue bottle

Universal standard container for Mg(OH)2 (magnesium hydroxide)

Green cylinder

Universal standard container for O2 (oxygen gas)

Dark green cylinder

Universal standard container for Ar (argon)

Grey cylinder

Universal standard container for CO2 (carbon dioxide)

Brown cylinder

Universal standard container for He (helium)

Red cylinder

Universal standard container for H2 (hydrogen gas)

Maroon cylinder

Universal standard container for acetylene

Yellow cylinder

Universal standard container for Cl2 (chlorine)

Coated w/ petroleum or under oil

Universal standard container for Li (lithium)

Under water

Universal standard container for white or yellow phosphorus (P)

Because they are very flammable

Why is white or yellow phosphorus placed under water

White/yellow phosphorus

The component of fireworks

Because it is highly reactive with air and moisture

Why is lithium coated with petroleum or under oil

• Sodium

• Potassium

• Lithium

These are very reactive metals and react vigorously with air as well as water. Therefore, they are kept immersed in kerosene oil in order to prevent contact with air and moisture

White or yellow phosphorus

Will spontaneously combust if not stored under water

• Type I

• Type II

• Type III

• Type IV/NP

Types of glasses used in pharmacy and medicine to contain chemicals and testing

Silica + NaCO3 (sodium carbonate)

Glass is made up of

Type I

Type of glass which is highly resistant borosilicate (pyrex, borosil)

boron

This is added to type I glass to decrease coefficient of expansion (therefore, preventing glass breaking when being heated)

Type I

Glass used for buffered and unbuffered aqueous solution

Type II

Treated soda lime glass

Type II

Highly resistant sodalime glass

Type II

Glass used for buffered aqueous solution below ph 7.0

Type III

Soda lime glass, used in dry powder packaging

Type III

Moderate resistant sodalime glass

Type III

Glass used for dry powder and oily substance

Type IV/NP

General soda lime glass

Type IV/NP

General purpose soda lime glass

Type IV/NP

Glass not for parenteral, but only intended for tablet, oral, and externals

TRUE

Like other materials, glass expands when heated

TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

A one-meter piece of ordinary float glass expands 0.85 mm at 100C temperature rise.

For comparison, steel expands 1.2 mm, aluminum 2.4 mm and neoprene 12 mm for the same temperature rise

TRUE OR FALSE

Leach test

Test used for testing glasses

Leach test

Involves contacting a leachate with a sample of the solid material to produce a leachate that is then analyzed to determine its chemical composition

leachant

In a leach test, this is considered as the “drug” which is tested after rotary agitation to see if solid samples (glass) are present or if it is being contaminated

• Water attack test (for type II)

• Powdered glass test (for type I and III)

Types of leach test

Water attack test

It is used to determine whether the alkali resistance of glass containers can be intended for pharmaceutical use, especially those treated with sulfur dioxide.

Water attack test

In this test, entire glass containers are immersed for 30 minutes along with water in an autoclave at 121°C. Under these harsh conditions, alkali from the glass surface leaches out into the water

• Entire glass container is immersed for 30 mins along with water in an autoclave at 121C

Explain water attack test

Powdered glass test

Performed on glass containers used for pharmaceutical packaging to estimate the amount of alkali that can leach out from the glass surface under extreme conditions

Powdered glass test

Provides an indication of the hydrolytic resistance and chemical durability of glass container. Allowable limits are set as per pharmacopoeial specifications based on the type of glass. A higher amount of elached alkali indicates poorer resistance and increased risk of product interaction

1. Glass containers are crushed into fine powder → increases surface area

2. Powdered glass sample is washed thoroughly → removes adhering fine particles

3. Sample is heated in water at 121°C for 30 minutes in an autoclave → accelerates leaching

4. Solution is titrated with sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) using methyl red indicator (determine the amount of alkali leached

State the steps involved in powdered glass test

Red to Yellow

Result of methyl red indicator with alkali (base)

Potassium (K)

This substance is added to make a glass brown/amber, light resistant

Selenium (Se)

This substance is added to make the glass red

Manganese dioxide (MnO2)

This substance masks the blue-green color Fe usually present in glass

Boron (B) [as borate]

This substance is added in glass to decrease coefficient of expansion

Lead (Pb)

This substance is added in glass to increase refractive index

Rare earths (Lanthanide series)

• Lanthanum (La)

• Cerium (Ce)

• Praseodymium (Pr)

• Neodymium (Nd)

• Promethium (Pm)

• Samarium (Sm)

• Europium (Eu)

• Gadolinium (Gd)

• Terbium (Tb)

• Dysprosium (Dy)

• Holmium (Ho)

• Erbium (Er)

• Thulium (Tm)

• Ytterbium (Yb)

• Lutetium (Lu)

This substance is added in glass to selectively absorb light of certain wavelengths

Hydrogen flouride (HF)

This substance is added in glasses for glass etching

“Move Ne HyPre”

• Movement (tremor)

• Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

• Hypothyroidism

• Pregnancy problems (teratogenic) - Ebstein’s anomaly

Lithium toxicity side effects

Ebstein anomaly

• Is a rare heart problem that’s present at birth

• Means it’s a congenital heart defect

• In this condition, the valve (tricuspid valve) that separates the top and bottom right heart chambers does not form correctly

Pituitary gland

This gland sends ADH hormone to the kidneys to help control how much urine is made

Nephrogrenic diabetes insipidus

This is a condition where the kidney make a lot of urine because the kidneys dont respond to ADH hormone

Central diabetes insipidus

This is a condition where the kidney make a lot of urine because the pituitary gland doesn’t make enough ADH hormone

Hyponatremia

A deficiency in Na leads to

Hypernatremia (fluid retention)

Na toxicity

TRUE

If there is too much salt (NaCl) in your diet, more water would be absorbed or retained in the body, leading to increase in stroke volume and increase in BP.

TRUE OR FALSE

Systemic vascular resistance x cardiac output

BP =

Stroke volume x heart rate

Cardiact output =

Hypokalemia (leads to muscle paralysis)

Deficiency in potassium leads to

Severe burns, diarrhea

Common causes of hypokalemia

Hyperkalemia (lead to cardiac arrest [muscle contraction])

Toxicity in K can lead to

KCl

This compound can cause cardiac arrest and is used for mercy killing (via injection push), as well as in euthanasia