Scott: Introduction

What is one common emotional side effect experienced by an individual who is victimized?

Feeling alone or abandoned.

Why is the victim considered the most valuable source of evidence in criminal investigations?

Without the victim, the crime cannot be reported and the criminal justice system fails to be initiated.

What societal consequence can arise from a victim's profound sense of "aloneness"?

It can lead to self-imposed isolation or a retreat from society.

Under whose reign in the Middle Ages of England did the historical legal traditions described in the notes develop?

King Henry II of England.

How is "mala in se" defined?

Serious crimes or offences that are, in and of themselves, wrong or said to go against nature.

How is "mala prohibita" defined?

Acts that are against laws.

What does the Latin phrase "lex talonis" decree?

Legal retaliation, known as "an eye for an eye," which decrees that an offender's punishment should be the same as the violation.

Why was the historical practice of lex talonis considered victim-centred?

Victims participated in reaching judgment against offenders, carried out the punishments, and received the rewards of retribution.

How did feudal barons alter the role of victims when justice transitioned to a formalized system?

They redefined harm against victims as harm against the state, claimed compensation payments, and recast victims into the role of "witness."

How is "compensation" defined in victimology?

The repayment of losses to the victim given by the state.

Which German sociologist described the societal shift from Gemeinshaft to Gesellshaft in $1887$?

Ferdinand Tönnies.

What characterizes a "Gemeinshaft" community?

A state of social existence in small, tightly knit communities where traditional family and kinship values predominate, functioning autonomously with paramount self-reliance.

What characterizes a "Gesellshaft" society?

A more rational and less personable form of relationship based on interdependence between parts of society, where individuals pursue self-interest over collective goals.

In Canadian legal case names such as R. v. Laavallee, what does the letter "R" represent?

The British monarch, representing "Regina" for a queen and "Rex" for a king.

What historical investigations helped spark the early Victims' Movement in Canada?

Investigations into the treatment of prisoners in both world wars (especially by the Nazis in Germany and Europe) and efforts to compensate soldiers for their suffering.

In what decade did state welfare systems in the United States begin compensating crime victims for some offences?

The $1960\text{s}$.

Who was indemnified under the very first compensation programs in Canada?

Police officers injured during the commission of their duties.

In what year and provinces were the first Canadian transition houses for women in crisis operating?

In $1972$, operating in Alberta and British Columbia.

When did the first sexual assault centres open in British Columbia?

In $1974$.

What was the focus of the simultaneous conferences held in Vancouver and Toronto in $1977$?

"Family violence."

How many victim advocate groups formed across Canada between $1979$ and $1984$?

$28$ victim advocate groups.

Between $1979$ and $1984$, how many members and branches represented Canadian victim advocacy groups?

Between $250\,000$ and $400\,000$ members across as many as $150$ branches.

What was the purpose of federal grants provided to Canadian provinces and territories regarding victims in the late $1970\text{s}$ and $1980\text{s}$?

To encourage development of criminal injuries compensation programs and finance legal aid programs for individuals unable to afford legal representation.

In what year was the first national survey on victimization initiated as part of Canada's General Social Survey (GSS)?

$1988$.

What does the term "glass ceiling" mean in the context of the women's movement?

A barrier whereby women were not promoted beyond certain levels in organizations or were not paid the same as men for doing the same work.

What systematic mistreatment of female victims was highlighted by the women's movement?

Victims of intimate partner violence or sexual assault were blamed for their victimization, disbelieved, or blatantly ignored by the criminal justice system.

In what year were Canadian sexual assault laws amended to bring them more in line with standard assault laws?

$1983$.

What structural additions were made to Canadian jurisdictions between the mid-$1980\text{s}$ and $1990\text{s}$ to support victims?

A director of victim services was appointed in all jurisdictions, and a Victim Services Division was established.

Which Canadian province introduced Canada's first Victims' Bill of Rights, and in what year?

Manitoba, in $2001$.

What major federal victim initiative was established in Canada in $2007$?

The Office for the Federal Ombudsman for Victims of Crime.

In what year was the Canadian Victims Bill of Rights first established?

$2015$.

What was Manikis's ($2015$) observation regarding Canadian victims' rights?

Canadian victims' rights have evolved incrementally and more slowly than in other common-law jurisdictions.

How is "victim advocacy" defined?

The practice of helping and protecting targets of harm, including protecting the rights of those who are vulnerable to victimization.

How is an "ally" defined in the context of victim support?

A person who provides assistance and support to an ongoing struggle, effort, or activity of a person or group.

What are "insulators" in victimology?

Behaviours, practices, and cognitions that are protective against the harmful effects of victimization.

How is a "criminal" defined in the lecture notes?

A person who commits a crime.

What is the concept of "deterrence"?

A concept aimed at exacting justice and dissuading the offender from doing harm again, assuming witnesses to the punishment will also be discouraged from committing harm.

How is "intimate partner violence (IPV)" defined?

Violence that occurs between people who are or have been in an intimate relationship, such as living common-law, married, or in a civil union.

What is "retribution" according to the key terms?

The process by which a person, either the victim or the victim's representative, exacts punishment in retaliation for harm that has been done to the victim.

How is a "victimologist" defined?

A researcher who studies both victims and the context in which victims exist.

One of the common emotional side effects of being victimized is feeling __________ or abandoned.

alone

In crime and criminal justice, the victim is the most valuable source of __________ and holds the key to any investigation.

evidence

During the Middle Ages under King Henry II of England, offences that were in and of themselves wrong or said to go against nature were called __________.

Mala in se

In early historical justice, legal retaliation decreing that an offender's punishment should match the violation is known as __________.

Lex talonis

In historical retribution, exacting punishment in retaliation for harm done was the responsibility of the victim and their __________.

friends and family

In contrast to mala in se, acts that are classified simply as being against laws are called __________.

Mala prohibita

The repayment of losses to the victim given by the state is termed __________.

Compensation

As the justice system moved from feudalism, nobility redefined harm against victims as harm against the __________.

state

When feudal barons claimed compensation for losses, victims were recast into the role of __________ to the harm done to them.

witness

In 1887, German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies described society shifting from Gemeinshaft to __________.

Gesellshaft

A state of social existence in small, tightly knit communities where traditional family and kinship values predominate is termed __________.

Gemeinshaft

Ferdinand Tönnies defined __________ as a more rational and less personable form of relationship based on interdependence between parts of society.

Gesellshaft

In Canadian legal case titles such as R. v. Laavallee, the 'R' stands for Rex for a king and __________ for a queen.

Regina

In Canadian legal case titles, the British monarch is represented by 'R', which stands for Regina for a queen and __________ for a king.

Rex

The victims' movement began with investigating the treatment of prisoners in both world wars, especially the actions of the __________ in Germany and Europe.

Nazis

In the 1960s, state welfare systems in __________ began compensating crime victims for some offences.

the United States

The first victim compensation programs in Canada indemnified __________ who were injured during the commission of their duties.

police officers

In 1972, the first Canadian transition houses for women in crisis operated in Alberta and __________.

British Columbia

In 1974, Canada's first sexual assault centres opened in __________.

BC

In 1977, simultaneous conferences focusing on 'family violence' were held in Vancouver and __________.

Toronto

Between 1979 and 1984, __________ victim advocate groups formed across Canada.

28

Between 1979 and 1984, Canadian victim advocate groups had 250k to 400k members across as many as __________ branches.

150

In 1988, the federal government initiated Canada's first national survey on victimization as part of the __________.

General Social Survey (GSS)

The concept describing how women were not promoted beyond certain levels in organizations or paid equal wages to men is the __________.

Glass ceiling

In the year __________, Canadian sexual assault laws were amended to bring them more in line with standard assault laws.

1983

Canada's first Victims' Bill of Rights was established in 2001 in the province of __________.

Manitoba

In 2003, the Canadian federal government increased funding for victim __________.

compensation

In 2007, the Office for the __________ for Victims of Crime was established to ensure federal responsibilities were met.

Federal Ombudsman

The Canadian Victims Bill of Rights was first established in the year __________.

2015

According to __________, Canadian victims' rights have evolved incrementally and more slowly than in other common-law jurisdictions.

Manikis (2015)

The practice of helping and protecting targets of harm, including protecting the rights of vulnerable persons, is called __________.

Victim advocacy

A person who provides assistance and support to an ongoing struggle, effort, or activity of another person or group is an __________.

Ally

In victimology, behaviours, practices, and cognitions that protect against the harmful effects of victimization are called __________.

Insulators

A person who commits a crime is defined as a __________.

Criminal

A concept aimed at exacting justice and dissuading the offender and witnesses from committing future harm is __________.

Deterrence

Violence occurring between individuals who are or have been in an intimate relationship is known as __________.

Intimate partner violence (IPV)

Lex talonis is more commonly known by the Old Testament phrase '__________'.

an eye for an eye

The process by which a person exacts punishment in retaliation for harm done to the victim is known as __________.

Retribution

Any unwanted sexual touching of any kind without the consent of the victim is defined as __________.

Sexual assault

A researcher who studies both victims and the context in which victims exist is designated as a __________.

Victimologist

Mala in se

Serious crimes and offences that are in and of themselves wrong or said to go against nature.

Mala prohibita

Acts that are defined as wrong because they are against laws.

Lex talonis

Legal retaliation, known by the phrase 'an eye for an eye', decreeing that an offender's punishment should be the same as the violation.

Retribution

The process by which a person, either the victim or the victim's representative, exacts punishment in retaliation for harm done to the victim.

Compensation

The repayment of losses to the victim given by the state.

Gemeinshaft

A state of social existence in small, tightly knit communities where traditional family and kinship values predominate and self-reliance is paramount.

Gesellshaft

A more rational and less personable form of relationship based on interdependence between parts of society, where individuals pursue self-interest over collective goals.

Ferdinand Tönnies

The German sociologist who in 1887 described society's transition from Gemeinshaft to Gesellshaft.

Criminal

A person who commits a crime.

Deterrence

A concept aimed at exacting justice and dissuading the offender and witnesses to the punishment from ever committing the harm again.

Regina

The Latin title for a queen, represented by the letter 'R' in Canadian criminal case citations such as R. v. Laavallee.

Rex

The Latin title for a king, represented by the letter 'R' in Canadian criminal case citations.

Victim advocacy

The practice of helping and protecting targets of harm, including protecting the rights of those who are vulnerable to victimization.

Ally

A person who provides assistance and support to an ongoing struggle, effort, or activity of a person or group.

Allyship

The role or action of a person who provides assistance and support to an ongoing struggle, effort, or activity of a person or group.

Insulator

In victimology, behaviours, practices, and cognitions that are protective against the harmful effects of victimization.

Intimate partner violence (IPV)

Violence that occurs between people who are or have been in an intimate relationship, such as living common-law, married, or in a civil union.

Sexual assault

Any unwanted sexual touching of any kind without the consent of the victim.

Victimologist

A researcher who studies both victims and the context in which victims exist.

Glass ceiling

An organizational barrier preventing women from being promoted beyond certain levels or from receiving equal pay for doing the same work as men.