Meats Exam 2 (Lectures 6-8)

Meat is defined as…

Edible portions of domestic animals used for food

What is the class name of a bovine under 3 months?

veal

What is the class name of a bovine 3 to 9 months?

Calf

What is the class name of a bovine 1-2 years?

Beef

What is the class name of an ovine under 3 months?

Hothouse lamb

What is the class name of an ovine 3-9 months?

Lamb

what is the class name of a ovine 1-2 year?

Yearling mutton

what is the class name of an ovine greater than 2 years?

Mutton

What is the class name of a porcine under 3 months?

Slaughter pig

what is the class name of a porcine 3-9 months?

Butcher hog

what is the class name of a porcine 1-2 years?

Packet sow, stag, or boar

What is the class name of a caprine under 3 months?

Cabrito

What is the class name of a caprine 3-9 months?

Kid

What is the class name of a caprine 1-2 years?

Yearling

What is the class name of a caprine greater than 2 years?

Adult

What is the class name of an equine under 3 months?

Horse meat

Name the 5 kinds of meat.

Carcass

Variety meat

Reclaimed meat

Proceed meat

Carcass meat

What is the carcass?

Eviscerated body of domestic mammals

What is considered the major carcass?

Bone, connective tissue, muscle, fat

what is considered the minor carcass?

Skin, arteries, nerves, veins

What is variety meat?

Edible organs and glands

What goes under variety meat?

Kidney, liver, heart, tongue, sweetbread, stomach, tripe, etc.

What is reclaimed meat?

Products obtained from bone, fat, or blood

What are the 3 types of reclaimed meat?

Mechanically separated beef and pork- from bone

Lean finely textured beef- from fat

Plasma protein isolate- from blood

What are the 2 types of processed meats?

Frankfurters

Ham and bacon

What are frankfurters?

Made from carcass meat with options of variety meats and/or reclaimed meat plus cure ingredients

What is ham and bacon?

Made from carcass meat

What is carcass meat?

Composed of bone, connective tissue, muscle, and fat

What is the function of the bone?

Protect organs, Level of locomotion, support and rigidity

What is the function of connective tissue?

Part of skeleton

Connects muscle and bones

Harness, collects activity of muscle fibers

What is the function of the muscle?

Produce energy

Convert energy to work

What is the function of fat?

Storage of reserve energy

Insulation

Protects vital organs

What is the muscle?

Contractile organ composed of connective tissue, muscle fibers, and intramuscular fat

What is the epimysium?

Surrounds entire muscle

What is the perimysium?

Surrounds muscle bundle

What is the endomysium?

Surrounds muscle fiber

The connective tissue is composed of what?

Fibrils of stromal proteins: collagen, elastin, reticulin

Dispersed in a watery matrix called ground substance

What is intramuscular fat composed of?

Deposits of fat in perimysium and endomysium

What is a muscle fiber?

Muscle cell, the smallest completely functional unit in the muscle

10-100 um in diameter, 10-40 mm in length, with a striated appearance

Muscle fibers are…

Multinucleated

What is the A band?

Region of the muscle fibers, myofibrils, and sarcomeres that contain both thick and thin myofilaments.

What is the I band?

Region of the muscle fibers, myofilaments, and sarcomeres that contain thin myofilaments only.

What is in the middle of I bands?

Z lines

What are thick myofilaments?

Primarily composed of myosin

What are thin filaments?

Primarily composed of actin, tropomyosin, and troponin

What is the M line?

Structural protein that holds the thick filaments in register

What is the Z line?

Structural protein that holds the thin filaments in register and serves to separate sarcomeres

What is the H zone?

Region of the A band that contains only thick myofilaments

What is a myofibril composed of?

8000 sarcomeres per myofibril. 2500 myofibrils per fiber.

What is a sarcomere?

A basic contractile unit

By products in the livestock industry and often time responsible for…

The profitability of operating packing plants

The contribution of by products to the value of livestock would be…

10%

Typical slaughter sheer weight about…

1400 pounds

What is titer?

Congealing or solidification point of the fatty acids in the fat

What is tallow?

Fat having a titer above 40° C

What is grease?

Fat having a titer below 40° C

What is the dry rendering process?

Fatty tissues are placed in horizontal, steam jacketed cylinder equipped with sets of internal rotating blades. Fat cells are ruptured, and the melted fat is released from the supporting tissues. When sufficient moisture has cooked out, the mixture is filtered or strained to remove the cracklings from the rendered tallow or grease.

What is dried blood (blood meal)?

Made from coagulating fresh blood with steam, draining off the liquid and drying the coagulum

What is meat meal?

Made from the proteinaceous materials from the inedible rendering process

What is steamed bone meal?

Made by cooking bones with steam, under a high pressure, in order to remove any fat and meat that may be left on them.

What is gelatin?

Made from skins or hides, connective tissues, cartilage, and bones of cattle and calves. Cooking in water converts the collagen in these materials to gelatin.

What is glue?

Made from the same items as gelatin but is extracted from these materials by successive heatings in water under specific temperature conditions.

Pharmaceuticals use?

Glands & Tissues and organs

Adrenal gland is used how?

Epinephrine is extracted from the adrenal medulla and adrenocortical extract from the adrenal cortex

Ovaries are used how?

As a source of estrogen and progesterone

Pancreas yields?

Insulin and trypsin

Parathyroid is used how?

Parathyroid hormone extract is used to prevent large scale muscular rigidity

Pituitary gland is used how?

Source of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

Testes are a source of?

Hyaluronidase

Thyroid is a source of?

Thyroxine and calcitonin

Blood is a source of?

Albumin and amino acids

Intestines are a source of?

Surgical sutures and condoms

Liver is used how?

Liver extracts and bile extract, which can be used to make cortisone

Lungs are used how?

Heparin

Spinal cord is used how?

Source of cholesterol used to manufacture vitamin D

Stomach is used how?

Rennet, from calves, mucin, from pigs, and pepsin from pigs

What are other by products?

Fetal calf blood

Aorta valves

Fetal pigs

Gall stones

Fetal calf blood is used for what?

Cancer and AIDS research

Aorta valves are used for what?

Replacement of defective human heart valves

Fetal pigs are used for what?

Biology teaching

Gall stones are used as what?

Aphrodisiacs in the far east

What is live weight?

Weight of the animal before slaughter

What is dressed carcass weight?

Weight of the carcass after slaughter and dressing

What are retail cuts?

The portion represented as retail meat cuts

The remaining animal materials can produce?

Valuable edible and inedible by products

What has the highest listed individual value?

Packer bleachable tallow (2.89)

Steer hide butt branded (2.41)

Tongues, Swiss #1 export (1.77)

liver, heart, kidneys, spleen, sweetbread, tongue, oxtails principle use?

Variety meat

Liver has an export market to?

Egypt

Sweetbreads have an export market to?

Mexico

Tongue has an export market to?

Japan

Oxtails have what kind of market?

Seasonal for soups

Cheek and head trimmings are?

Sausage ingredient, Mexican barbacoa

Beef extract is for?

Soups and bouillon

Blood is?

Sausage component

Stomach from suckling calves?

Rennet for cheese making

Stomach from pork?

Sausage container, ingredient

Beef reticulin and rumen?

Honeycomb tripe, tripe, and sausage ingredient

Bones are for?

Gelatin for confectioneries, ice cream, and jellied food products

Fats from cattle calves lambs and sheep is for?

Shortening, candies, chewing gum

Fats from pork are for?

Lard