CECE Counseling and Helping Relationships

Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis, a field that is both a form of treatment and a comprehensive theory of personality. According to Freud’s theory, inborn drives (mainly sexual) help shape the personality. _______ and ________ , who originally worked with Freud, created individual psychology and analytic psychology, respectively.

a. Carl Jung;Alfred Adler

b. Alfred Adler; Carl Jung

c. Josef Breuer; A. A. Brill

d. Alfred Adler; Rollo May

b. Alfred Adler; Carl Jung

• alfred adler was the father of individual psychology

• Carl jung founded analytic psychology

Eric Berne’s transactional analysis (TA) identifies three ego states: Child, Adult, and Parent. These roughly correspond to Freud’s structural theory that includes:

a. oral, anal, and phallic

b. unconscious, preconscious, conscious

c. a and b

d. id, ego, and superego

d. id, ego and superego

• these are hypothetical constructs used to explain the function of personality.

  • unconscious, preconscious and conscious refers to Freud’s topographic notion that the mind has depth like an iceberg

in transactional analyis (TA) the _____ is the conscience, or ego state concerned with moral behavior, while the Freudian theory is the _________

a. Adult, unconscious

b. Parent, ego

c. Parent, superego

d. Parent, id

c. Parent, superego

Freud felt that successful resolution of the Oedipus complex led to the development of the superego. This is accomplished by

a. identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex

b. analysis during the childhood years

c. identification with the parent of the opposite sex, the aggressor

d. transferece

a. identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex

Freudians refer to the ego as:

a. the executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle

b. the guardian angel of the mind

c. the pleasure principle

d. the seat of libido

a. The executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle

• ego = executive administrator since it acts as police office to control impulses from the id (instincts) and the superego (conscience)

  • ego is a mediator

The id is present at birth and never matures. It operates mainly out of awareness to satisfy instinctual needs according to the

a. reality principle

b. notion of transference

c. eros principle

d. pleasure principle, suggesting humans desire instinct gratification such for libido, sex, or the elimination of hunger or thirst

d. pleasure principle, suggesting humans desire instinct gratification such for libido, sex, or the elimination of hunger or thirst

• id is pleasure principle, ego is reality principle, superego morality principle

If you think of the mind as a seesaw, then the fulcrum or balancing apparatus would be the

a. id, which has no concept of rationality or time

b. ego

c. superego, which judges behavior as right or wrong

d. BASIC-ID

b. ego

• freud felt the human mind was composed of three components (id ego and superego)

  • seesaw because ego tends to balance id and superego

a therapist who says to a patient “say whatever comes to mind” is practicing

a. directive counseling

b. transactional analysis

c. paraphrasing

d. free association

d. free association

• instructing the client to say whatever comes to mind even if silly

the superego contains the ego ideal. the superego strives for ____ rather than ____ like the id

a. perfection; pleasure

b. pleasure; perfection

c. morals;ethics

d. logic;reality

a. perfection;pleasure

• superego is more concerned with the ideal/personal aspirations than what is real. composed of values, morals, beliefs, and ideals of parents and society. id has no sense of time and wants pleasure

all of these theorists could be associated with the analytic movement except

a. freud

b. jung

c. adler

d. wolpe

d, Wolpe

• Wolpe developed a paradigm known as systematic desensitization, which tries to weaken responses to anxiety-producing stimuli. this is behavior therapy not psychoanalytic

What did Joseph Wolpe develop? hint: he’s no psychoanalytic…

Wolpe developed a paradigm known as systematic desensitization, which tries to weaken responses to anxiety-producing stimuli. this is behavior therapy not psychoanalytic

Most scholars would assert that Freud’s 1900 work entitled The Interpretation of Dreams was his most influential. Dreams have

a. manifest and latent content

b. preconscious and unconscious factors

c. id and ego

d. superego and id

a. manifest and latent content

• manifest content (surface meaning(

  • latent content (hidden meaning)

when a client projects unconscious feelings toward the therapist that he or she originally had toward a significant other, it is called

a. free association

b. insight

c. transference

d. resistance

c. transference

which case is not associated with the psychodynamic movement?

a. little hans

b. little albert.

c. anna o

d. daniel paul schreber

b. little albert

• John Watson used little albert to enforce classical conditioning and make albert afraid of a rat

in contrast with classical psychoanalysis, psychodynamic counseling or therapy

a. utilizes fewer sessions per week

b. does not utilize the couch

c. is performed face to face

d. all of the above

d. all of the above

talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions and feelings is a curative process known as

a. catharsis or abreaction

b. resistance

c. accurate empathy

d. reflection of emotional content

a. catharsis

• rogerians do not emphasize diagnosis or giving advice

  • Freud and Breuer referred to catharsis as highly charged repressed emotions that came out in session

id, ego, superego is to structural theory as ______ is to topographical theory

a. child, adult, parent

b. abreaction, catharsis, introspection

c. ego ideal

d. unconscious, preconscious, conscious

d. unconscious, preconscious, conscious

the most controversial aspect of Freud’s theory is

a. catharsis

b. the Oedipus complex

c. the notion of the preconscious mind

d. the interpretation of dreams

b. the Oedipus complex

• most controversial

• most important aspect of Freud’s theory is the unconscious mind

Evidence for the unconscious mind comes from all these except:

a. hypnosis

b. slips of the tongue and humor

c. dreams

d. subjective units of distress scale

d. subjective units of distress scale (SUDS)

• this is used to perform Wolpe’s behavioral desensitization by using a hierarchy of distress

slips of the tongue as Freud says, can also be referred to as ___

parapraxis

in a counseling session, a counselor asked a patient to recall what transpired three months ago to trigger her depression. There was silence for about two and a half minutes. The client then began to remember, This exchange most likely illustrates the function of the

a. preconscious mind

b. ego ideal

c. conscious mind

d. unconscious mind

a. preconscious mind

• conscious = aware of immediate environment

• preconscious = able to bring memories to consciousness with minimal difficulty

  • unconscious = material which is normally unknown or hidden from client

unconscious processes, which serve to minimize anxiety and protect the self from severe id or superego demands, are called

a. slips of the tongue

b. ego defense mechanisms

c. id defense processes

d. latent dream material

b. ego defense mechanisms

• defense strategies are based on self-deception to protect our self-image. m

most therapists agree that ego defense mechanisms are unconscious and deny or distort reality. Rationalization, compensation, repression, projection, reaction formation, identification, introjection, denail, and displacement are ego defense mechanisms. According to Freudians, the most important defense mechanism is:

a. repression

b. reaction formation

c. denial

d. sublimation

a. repression

• attempt to make the client recall the traumatic repressed memory and make it conscious so it can be dealt with

suppression differs from repression in that

a. suppression is stronger

b. repression only occurs in children

c. repression is automatic or involuntary

d. all of the above

c. repression is automatic or involuntary

• suppression is “i refuse to think about that”

an aggressive person who becomes a professional boxer because he or she is sadistic is displaying

a. suppression

b. rationalization

c. sublimation

d. displacement

c. sublimation

• displacement occurs when an impulse is unleashed at a safe target (teen mad at bf lashes out at mom)

• Sublimation is when a person acts out an unconscious impulse in a socially acceptable way. Example: a very aggressive individual pursuing boxing.

an advertising agency secretly imbeds the word SEX into newspaper ads intended to advertise the center’s chemical dependency program. this is the practice of

a. sublimation

b. repression

c. introjection

d. none of the above

d. none of the above

• this is describing subliminal activity (when you perceive something unconsciously and it has an impact on your behavior)

a man receives a nickel an hour pay raise. he was expecting one dollar per hour raise. he is furious but nonassertive. he thus smiles and thanks his boss. that night he yells at his wife for no apparent reason. this is an example of

a. displacement

b. denial

c. identification

d. Type II Error

a. displacement

a student tells a college counselor that he is not upset by a grade of “f” in physical education that marred his fourth-year perfect 4.0 average, inasmuch as “straight A students are eggheads.” This demonstrates

a. introjection

b. reaction formation

c. sour grapes rationalization

d. sweet lemons rationalization

c. sour grapes variety of rationalization

• hint: fox couldn’t secure the grapes so he said they were probably sour anyway

  • in the sweet lemon variety, a person tells you how wonderful a distasteful set of circumstances really is

A master’s-level counselor lands an entry-level counseling job in an agency in a warm climate. Her office is not air-conditioned, but the counselor insists she likes this because sweating really helps to keep her weight in check. this is:

a. sour grapes rationalization

b. sweet lemon rationalization

c. repression

d. sublimation

b. sweet lemon rationalization

a teen who has his heart set on winning a tennis match broke his arm in an auto accident. he sends in an entry form to play in the competition which begins just days after the accident. his behavior is influenced by

a. denial

b. displacement of anger

c. sublimation

d. organ inferiority

a. denial

• d is associtaed with Alfred Adler who pioneered individual psychology (jung pioneered analytic psychology)

____ is like looking in a mirror but thinking you are looking out a window

a. repression

b. sour grapes rationalization

c. projection

d. denial

c. projection

• person who engages in projection attributes unacceptable qualities of his or her own to others

mark is obsessed with stamping out pornography. he is unconsciously involved in this cause so that he can view the material. This is

a. reaction formation

b. introjection

c. projection

d. rationalization

a. reaction formation

• in reaction formation the person acts the opposite of the way he/she actually feels.

ted has always felt inferior intellectually. he currently works out at the gym at least four hours daily and is taking a massive doses of dangerous steroids to build his muscles. the ego defense mechanism action here is

a. reaction formation

b. compensation

c. projection

d. rationalization

b. compensation

• this is when an individual attempts to develop a positive trait to make up for a limitation

jane feels very inferior. she is now president of the board at a shelter for the homeless. she seems to be obsessed with her work for the agency and spends every spare minute trying to help the cause. when asked to introduce herself in virtually any social situation, jane invariably responds with “i’m the president of the board for the homeless shelter.” jane is engaging in

a. projection

b. displacement

c. introjection

d. identification

d. identification

a client who has incorporated his father’s values into his thought patterns is a product of

a. introjection

b. repression

c. rationalization

d. displacement

a. introjection

• causes the person to accept an aggressor’s values

the client’s tendency to inhibit or fight against the therapeutic process is known as

a. resistance

b. sublimation

c. projection

d. individuation

a. resistance

freud has been called the most significant theorist in the entire history of psych. his greatest contribution was the conceptualization of the unconscious mind. critics, however, contend that

a. he was too concerned with the totem and the taboo

b. he failed to emphasize sex

c. many aspects of his theory are hard to test from a scientific standpoint

d. he was pro female

c. many aspects of his theory are hard to test from a scientific standpoint

• unconscious concepts cannot be tested

• psychoanalysis is the oldest major form of therapy

the purpose of interpretation in counseling is to

a. help the therapist appear genuine

b. make the clients aware of their unconscious process

c. make clients aware of nonverbal behaviors

d. help clients understand feelings and behaviors related to childhood

b. make the clients aware of their unconscious process

• this is the textbook interpretation of interpretation, even tho other choices are not necessarily wrong

organ inferiority relates mainly to the work of

a. jung’s analytical theory

b. alfred adler’s individual psych

c. sigmund freud’s psychoanalytic

d. josef breuer’s work on hysteria

b. alfred adler’s individual psychology

• major goal for adler is to escape deep feelings of inferiority. the term individual stresses unique qualities to each individual

when a client becomes aware of a factor in his life that was heretofore unknown, counselors refer to it as

a. individual psychology

b. confrontation

c. transference neurosis

d. insight

d. insight

jung, the founder of analytic psychology, said men operate on logic or the ___ principle and women are intuitive, operating on the ____ principle

a. eros;thanatos

b. logos;eros

c. reality;pleasure

d. transference;countertransference

b. logos;eros

• logos implies logic

  • eros implies intuition

eros implies ____ while logos implies ____

intuiition '; logic

jung used drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, clients, and dreams. he called them

a. mandalas

b. projective drawings

c. unconscious automatic writing

d. eidetic imagery

a. mandalas

• mandala was the symbol of meditation

____ emphasized the drive for superiority

a. jung

b. adler

c. constructivist therapists

d. freud and jung

b. adler

• Constructivist theories stress that it is imperative for helpers to understand the client’s view

  • Adler felt that aggressive drives were responsible for most human behaviors, je said striving for superiority motivated behavior

the statement “sibling interaction may have more impact than parent-child interaction” describes

a. sigmund freud’s theory

b. alfred adler’s theory

c. insight

d. carl jung’s theory

b. alfred adler’s theory

in contrast with freud, the neo-freudian's emphasized

a. baseline measures

b. social factors

c. unconditional positive regard

d. insight

b. social factors

• the neofreudians (adler, erikson, harry stack sullivan, horney, erich fromm) stressed cultural and interpersonal factors

the term introversion and extroversion are associated with

a. psychoanalysis

b. freud

c. adler

d. jung

d. jung

• jungle gym kids are either playing (extroverts) or sitting alone (introverts)

personality types of the myers-briggs type indicator are associated with the work of

a. psychoanalysis

b. freud

c. adler

d. jung

d. jung

• introversion/extraversion, intuition/sensing, thinking/feeling and judging/perceiving

one of adler’s students, rudolph dreikurs

a. created the TAT

b. was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice

c. was a noted freud hater

d. created the hierarchy of needs

b. was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice

• also introduced adlerian principles to the treatment of children in school settings

• TAT is projective test (pictures shown and client asked to tell a story) is Henry Murray’s

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adler emphasized that people wish to belong. this is known as

a. superiority

b. social connectedness

c. the collective unconscious

d. animus

b. social connectedness

• we need one another

asler was one of the first therapists who relied on paradox. using this strategy, a client (who was a student in a counselor preparation program) who was afraid to give a presentation in front of his counseling class for fear he might shake and embarrass himself would be instructed to

a. exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class

b. practice relaxation techniques for 10-20 minutes before the speech

c. practice rational self-talk

d. practice rational thinking

a. Exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class

jung felt that society caused men to deny their feminine side known as ____ and women to deny their masculine side known as ____

a. eros;thanatos

b. animus;anima

c. anima;animus

d. yin;yang

c. anima; animus

• think someone’s ‘ma’ is a woman

jung spoke of a collective unconscious common to all men and women. the material that makes up the collective unconscious, which is passed from generation to generation, is known as

a. a hierarchy of needs

b. instinctual

c. paradox

d. archetypes

d. archetypes

• archetype is a universal signal that means the same thing to all men and women (e.g., the cross)

common archetypes include

a. the persona - the mask or role we present to others to hide our true self

b. animus, anima, and the self

c. shadow- the mask behind the persona, which contains id-like material denied, yet desired

d. all of the above

d. all of the above

• the shadow is a dark side of personality, though not necessarily negative (jung)

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a client is demonstrating inconsistent behavior. she is smiling but says that she is very sad about what she did. when her counselor points this out to her, the counselor’s verbal response is

a. active listening

b. confrontation

c. accurate empathy

d. summarization

b. confrontation

during a professional staff meeting, a counselor says he is worried that if techniques are implemented to stop a 6-year-old boy from sucking his thumb, then he will begin biting his nails or stuttering. the counselor.

a. is using ACT

b. is using Donald Meichenbaum’s cognitive behavior modification

c. is most likely a behaviorist concerned with symptom substitution

d. is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution

d. is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution

• symptom substitution is an analytical term

• behaviorists strive for symptom reduction and do NOT believe n the concept of symptom substitution

an eclectic counselor

a. is analytic

b. is behavioristic

c. attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client’s attributes, resources, and situation

d. insists on including all family members in the treatment

c. attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client’s attributes, resources, and situation

• eclectic uses theories from several models rather than relying on one

the word eclectic is most closely associated with

a. frederick c. thorne

b. sigmund freud

c. jean piaget

d. burrhus frederic skinner

a. frederick c. thorne

a counselor who is obsessed with the fact that a client missed his or her session is the victim of

a. cognitive dissonance

b. transference

c. countertransference

d. positive transference

c. countertransference

lifestyle, birth order, and family constellation are emphasized by

a. freud

b. jung

c. adler

d. thorne and lazarus

c. adler

a counselor who remarks that firstborn children are usually conservative but display leadership qualities is most likely

a. a freudian who believes in the unconscious mind

b. an adlerian who believes behavior must be studied in a social context; never in isolation

c. a rogerian who stresses the importance of the therapeutic relationship

d. a behavior modifier using a behavioral contract

b. an adlerian who believes behavior must be studied in a social context; never in isolation

existentialistm is to logotherapy as ____ is to behaviorism

a. operants

b. associationism

c. skinner

d. socrates

b. associanationism

• question tells you that logotherapy grew out of the philosophy of existentialism and then asks you to fill the blank

• associationism is that ideas are held together by associations

  • most exams will list john locke, david hume, james mill or david hartley as pioneers of associationism. look for john lock on the exam every time

b.f. skinner’s reinforcement theory elaborated on

a. edward thorndike’s law of effect

b. alfred adler’s concept of lifestyle

c. arnold lazarus’ concept for the BASIC-ID used in the multimodal therapeutic approach that is eclectic and holistic

d. symptom substitution

a. law of effect

• asserts that responses accompanied by satisfaction will be repeated, and those with unpleasentness will not

classical conditioning relates to the work of

a. williamson

b. skinner

c. frankl, who created logotherapy

d. pavlov

d. pavlov

an association that naturally exists, such as an animal salivating when food is presented is called

a. an operant

b. a conditioned stimulus (CS)

c. an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

d. an acquisition period

c. an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

• conditioned = learned

  • salivating is an unlearned association, it is inherent

skinner’s operant conditioning is also referred to as

a. instrumental learning

b. classical conditioning

c. cognitive learning

d. learning via insight

a. Instrumental learning

• hint: instrumental has an i, and so does skinner’s last name

respondent behavior refers to

a. reflexes

b. operants

c. a type of phobia

d. punishment

a. reflexes

• pavlov’s theory involves mainly “reflexes” . the word reflex begins with an r, and so does respondent.

  • pavlovian conditioning is respondent, while skinner’s is instrumental/operant (behavior)

all reinforcers

a. are plastic tokens

b. tend to increase probability that a behavior will occur

c. are secondary

d. do not raise behavior since negative reinforcement lowers behavior

b. tend to increase probability that a behavior will occur

• 
  

negative reinforcement requires the withdrawal of an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur. Negative reinforcement is not used as often and positive reinforcement and

a. is really the same as punishment

b. effectively lowers the frequency of behavior is young children

c. is not the same thing as punishment

d. is a psychodynamic conceptualization

c. is. not the same thing as punishment

• all reinforcers raise the probability that a behavior will occur, punishment lowers it

punishment

a. is the same as negative reinforcement

b. is much more effective than reinforcement

c. decreases the probability of a behavior occurring

d. is used extensively in reality therapy

c. decreases the probability of a behavior occurring

in pavlov’s famous experiment using dogs, the bell was the ___ and the meat was the ___
a. CS;UCS

b. UCS;CS

c. CR;UCS

d. UCS;CR

a. CS;UCS

• think in the US we eat a lot of meat

  • the UCS is the unlearned stimulus, and the CS is the learned stimulus

the most effective time interval (temporal relation) between the CS and the US

a. is irrelevant- it does not influence the learning process

b. is 5 seconds

c. is the .05 level according to social scientists

d. is .5 or half a second

d. is .5 or half a second

• when the CS is delayed until the US occurs, the procedure is known as ‘delayed conditioning’

• if the CS terminates before the US occurs, it is termed ‘trace conditioning’

  • Trace begins with t and so does termination (of the CS before the US occurs)

many researchers have tried putting the UCS (the meat) before the CS (the bell). this usually results in

a. increased learning

b. anger on the part of the dog

c. experimental neurosis

d. no conditioning

d. no conditioning

• this is called backward conditioning. it’s ineffective. if the bell and the meat are presented at the same time, this is simultaneous conditioning, and it doesn’t work either

  • some exams will refer to the classical conditioning process where CS comes before UCS as ‘forward conditioning” to distinguish from backward or simultaneous conditioning

several graduate students in counseling trained a poodle to salivate to a child’s toy horn using Pavlov’s classical conditioning paradigm. One day, the department chairman was driving across campus and honked his horn. Much to the chagrin of the students, the poodle elicited a salivation response. what had happened?

a. experimental neurosis

b. extinction

c. stimulus generalization or what pavlov termed irradiation

d. stimulus discrimination

c. stimulus generalization or what pavlov termed irradiation

• 
  

the department chairman found the pooodle’s response to his automobile horn humorous. He thus instructed the graduate students to train the dog to salivate only to his car horn and not the original toy bell. indeed they performed this task. the poodle was now demonstrating

a. pica

b. experimental neurosis

c. irradiation

d. stimulus discrimination

d. stimulus discrimination

• here the learning process is fine tuned to only respond to a specific stimulus

the department chair was further amused by the poodle’s tendency to be able to discriminate one CS from another. Thus he told the students tto teach the dog to salivate to the horn on his Ford but not on a graduate student’s chevrolet truck. in reality, the horns on the two sounded nearly identical. the training was seemingly unsuccessful insasmuch as the dog merely took to very loud barking. in this case

a. experimental neurosis set in

b. irradiation became a reality (generalization)

c. borderline personality traits

d. a covert process confounded the experiment

a. Experimental neurosis set in

• some exams will refer to CS as NS (neutral) and the UCS as the reinforcing or the charged stimulus

in one experiment, a dog was conditioned to salivate to a bell paired with a fast-food cheeseburger. the researcher then kept ringing the bell without giving the dog the cheeseburger. this is known as

a. instrumental learning via shaping

b. positive reinforcement

c. extinction, the salivation will disappear

d. negative reinforcement

c. extinction

john b watson’s name is associated with

a. little hans

b. anna o

c. little albert

d. b and c

c. little albert

• demonstrated that fears were learned and not the result of some unconscious conflict

  • he founded the school of behaviorism

during a family counseling session, a 6 year old girl repeatedly sticks her tongue out at the counselor, who is obviously ignoring the behavior. the counselor is practicing

a. negative reinforcement

b. chaining

c. reciprocal inhibition

d. extinction

d. extinction

in general, behavior modification strategies are based heavily on ____ while behavior therapy emphasized ____

a. instrumental conditioning; classical conditioning

b. pavlovian principles; skinnerian principles

c. skinnerian principles; pavlovian principles

d. a and c

d. a and c

• behavior modification (skinnerian ie., operant, instrumental), while behavioral therapy is pavlovian (classical, respondent (reflex)).

a behavioristic counselor decides upon aversive conditioning as the treatment of choice for a gentleman who wishes to give up smoking. The counselor begins by taking a baseline. This is accomplished

a. using hypnosis

b. by charting the occurrence of the behavior before any therapeutic intervention

c. using a biofeedback device

d. by counterconditioning

b.by charting the occurrence of the behavior before any therapeutic intervention

• baseline indicates frequency of behavior untreated

the first studies, which demonstrated that animals could indeed be conditioned to control automatic processes, were conducted by

a. edward thorndike

b. joseph wolpe

c. neal miller

d. ivan pavlov

c, neal miller

• miller showed that by utilizing reward, rats could be trained to alter heart rate and intestinal contractions. prior to this, it was thought that automatic body processes could not be controlled

  • thorndike postulated law of effect = satisfying associations related to a behavior will be ‘stamped in’ while those associated with annoying consequences will be ‘stamped out’

the significance of the little albert experiment by john b watson and rosalie rayner (who became his wife) was that

a. a phobia could be a learned behavior

b. it provided proof that skinner’s model was correct

c. it provided proof that pavlov’s model was correct

d. none of the above

a. a phobia could be a learned behavior

• takeaway was that fear was not due to psychopathology but rather learning

john b watson is to cause as mary cover jones is to

a. cure

b. skinner

c. piaget

d. NLP

a. cure

• watson demonstrated that phobic reaction = learned, Jones demonstrated that ‘learning’ could serve as treatment for phobic reaction

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in the little albert experiment, a child was conditioned to fear a harmless white furry animal. historical accounts indicate that the child also began to fear a santa claus mask. this would demonstrate

a. two dsm diagnoses which often co-occur: agoraphobia and panic disorder

b. stimulus generalization

c. an adjustment reaction

d. stimulus discrimination

b. stimulus generalization

a counselor who says he or she practices depth psychology technically bases his or her treatment on

a. pavlov’s dog

b. mary cover jones

c. john b watson

d. freud’s topographic hypothesis

d. freud’s topographic hypothesis

• pavlov, jones, and watson were behaviorists!

when a counselor refers to a counseling paradigm, she really means

a. she is nondirective

b. she is very directive

c. a treatment model

d. she is not a depth psychologist

c. a treatment model

• paradigm is a model

a man says, my life has been lousy for the last six months. the counselor replies, can you tell me specifically what has made life so bad for the last six months? the counselor is

a. using interpretation

b. using summarization

c. using concreteness

d. using a depth psychology paradigm

c. using concreteness

a client who is having panic attacks is told to practice relaxing his jaw muscle for three minutes per day. the counselor here is using

a. concreteness

b. a directive

c. interpretation

d. parroting

b. a directive

• directive is merely a suggestion

____ is a biofeedback device

a. a bathroom scale

b. a dvd player

c. a digital clock

d. an analysit’s couch

a. a bathroom scale

• biofeedback does not change the client, it just provides biological information such that the client can master self-regulation

johnny just loves M&M’s but does not do his homework. the school counselor thus instructs johnny’s mom to give him a bag of m&ms every night after he finishes his homework. this is

a. punishment

b. biofeedback

c. a Pavlovian strategy

d. positive reinforcement

d. positive reinforcement

genuineness, or congruence, is really

a. identical to concreteness

b. selective empathy

c. the counselor’s ability to be himself

d. an archaic freudian notion

c. the counselor’s ability to be himsefl

empathy is

a. the ability to understand the client’s perspective and to communicate this to the client

b. behavioristic

c. a and b

d. same as sympathy

a. the ability to understand the client’s perspective and to communicate this to the client

when something is added following an operant, it is known as a ___ and when something is taken away it is called a ____

a. negative reinforcer; positive reinforcer

b. positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer

c. extinction; shaping

d. classical conditioning ; operant conditioning

b. positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer

• operant is any unenforced behavior

  • respondent is any consequence of a known stimulus (dog salivating to food is a respondent)

after a dog is conditioned using the well-known experiment of pavlov, a light is paired with the bell CS. in a short period of time the light alone would elicit salivation. this is

a. extinction

b. token reinforcement

c. biofeedback

d. higher-order conditioning

d. higher-order conditioning

a counselor decides to use biofeedback training to help a client raise the temperature in his right hand to ward off migraines. he would utilize

a. a temperature trainer

b. emg feedback

c. eeg neurofeedback

d. ekg feedback

a. a temperature trainer

a counselor discovered that a client became nervous and often experienced panic attacks when she would tense her frontalis muscle over her eyes. the counselor wanted direct muscle feedback and thus would rely on

a. the jacobson relaxation method

b. gsr feedback

c. emg feedback

d. a mood ring

c. emg feedback

• eMUSCLEf

  • 
    

According to the Premack principle, an efficient reinforcer is something the client likes to do. Thus, in this procedure

a. a higher-probability behavior reinforces a lower-probability behavior

b. a lower-probability behavior reinforces a higher-probability behavior

c. a and b are paradoxically both effective

d. none of the above

a. a higher-probability behavior reinforces a lower-probability behavior

• LPB (low probability behavior) and HPB (high probability behavior)

  • principle asserts than any HOB can be used as a reinforcer for any LPB

a counselor who wanted to teach a client to produce alpha waves for relaxation would utilize

a. emg feedback

b. gsr feedback

c. eeg feedback

d. ekg feedback

c. eeg feedback

• emg (muscle)

• gsr (skin)

  • eeg is used to secure feedback related to brain wave rhythms

a reinforcement schedule gives the guidelines or rules for reinforcement. if a reinforcer is given every time a desired response occurs , it is known as

a. an intermitten schedule

b. an extinction schedule

c. continuous reinforcement

d. thinning

c. continuous reinforcement