Anat and Phys Ch 4 Part II

1. Collagen fiber

2. elastin fiber

3. reticular fiber

4. ground substance

5. capillary

6. fat cell

7. Mast cell

8. neutrophil

9. macrophage

10. lymphocyte

1. Connective tissue proper

2. loose

3. dense

4. areolar

5. adipose

6. reticular

7. regular

8. irregular

9. elastic

10. cartilage

11. hyaline

12. elastic

13. fibrocartilage

Connective Tissue Proper: Loose Areolar

• wraps and cushions organs

• widely distributed in epithelia of the body

• 
  

• Connective tissue proper, loose adipose

• provides reserve fuel

• insulates against heat loss

• kidneys

• connective tissue proper, loose reticular

• Fibers form a soft internal skeleton that supports other cell types

• spleen

what are the 3 varieties of dense connective tissue

• dense regular

• dense irregular

• elastic

• connective tissue proper dense regular

• attaches muscles to bones, bones to bones and muscle to muscle

• located in tendons

• connective tissue proper: dense irregular

• withstands tension

• dermis of the skin

• connective tissue proper dense elastic

• allows tissue to recoil after stretching

• walls of large arteries

Cartilage

• matrix secreted from (blank) during growth and (blank) for adults

• Chondrocytes are found in cavities called (blank)

• Cartilage is 80% (blank), packed with (blank) fibers and (blank) proteins (chondroitin and hyaluronic acid)

• tough yet flexible and lacks (blank) fibers

• (blank), receives nutrients from the membrane surrounding it, the (blank)

• The (blank) gives rise to chondroblasts and chondrocytes

1. chondroblasts, chondrocyes

2. lacunae

3. water, collagen, sugar

4. nerve

5. avascular, perichondrium

6. perichondrium

Connective tissue: hyaline cartilage

• supports and reinforces, serves as a cushion

• forms most of embryonic skeleton

• connective tissue cartilage: elastic

• maintains shape of a structure but with great flexibility

• external ear

Connective tissue cartilage: fibrocartilage

• Tensile strength allows to absorb compressive shock

• discs of knee joints

what does avascular cartilage do as we age

• loses its ability to divide, so injuries heal slowly

(over time cartilage can also ossify, causing chondrocytes to die

Connective tissue bone

• hard, calcified matrix

• supports and protects

• bones

Connective tissue blood

• red and white blood cells in fluid matrix

• transports respiratory gases

• contained within blood vessels

1. muscle tissue is highly (blank)

2. muscles contain (blank) made up of (blank) and (blank), which are proteins that facillitate contractions

3. three types of muscle tissue

1. vascularized

2. myofilaments, actin, myosin

3. skeletal, smooth, cardiac

• skeletal muscle (long and cylindrical)

• voluntary movement

• skeletal muscle

Cardiac Muscle (involuntary)

• contains intercalated discs

• As it contracts, it propels blood throughout the body

• walls of the heart

smooth muscle

• propels substances or objects along internal passageways (involuntary)

• walls of hollow organs

• (blank) is the main component of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, nerves) and it regulates and controls (blank) functions

• two types of cells that make up nervous tissue

1. nervous tissue, body

Neurons

• specialized nerve cells that conduct nerve impulses

Supporting cells that support, insulate and protect neurons

nervous tissue

• Neurons transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors

• located in brain, spinal cord and nerves

3 types of membranes

1. cutaneous membranes

2. mucus membranes

3. serous membranes

• cutaneous membrane (skin) covers the body surface

Mucus membranes line body cavities open to the exterior (i.e. mouth and nasak cavity)

• serous membranes line body cavities not exposed to the environment

• visceral serosa (directly lines organs)

• parietal serosa (lines outside of organs)

what happens when the body’s barriers are compromised

• The inflammatory and immune responses are activated

• repair (which is a function of the inflammatory process) begins quickly

10 Steps of skin regeneration from a wound (Timmy Is Coming Soon Cause Finn Made Such Epic Fudge)

1. Trauma causes injured tissue cells to release inflammatory chemicals

2. Inflammatory chemicals make blood vessels leaky, allowing WBCs and clotting proteins to seep into the area

3. Clotting seals off injured area preventing bacteria and toxins from spreading

4. surface of clot exposed to air dries and forms a scab

5. clot is replaced by capillaries that are characteristic of granulation tissue (restores vascular supply)

6. fibroblasts produce growth factors and collagen fibers that bridge the gap

7. macrophages phagocytize dead cells and debris

8. surface epithelial cells multiply and migrate over granulation tissue

9. epithelium thickens under scab, which detaches

10. fully regenerated epithelium with an underlying layer of scar tissue results

tissues that regenerate extremely well include

1. epithelial tissues

2. bone

3. areolar connective

4. dense irregular connective tissue

5. blood forming tissue

tissues with moderate regeneration

1. smooth muscle

2. dense regular connective tissue

Tissue with no regenerative capacity

• cardiac muscle

• nervous tissue

how can scar tissue that forms in organs, particularly the heart, severely impair the function of that organ

• may cause organ to lose volume capacity

• block substances from moving through organ

• interfere with muscle’s ability to contract or impair nerve transmissions

scar adhesions

• can cause scars to adhere to neighboring structures, preventing normal function

1. the ectoderm forms

2. the mesoderm forms

3. the endoderm forms

1. nervous tissue

2. muscle and connective tissue

3. inner lining of digestive system