Unit 2 retake

Explain how succession was determined in both the Ottoman and Mughal Empire

• Ottoman princes competed for the throne after the sultan died.

• These competitions sometimes led to civil wars.

• The prince who won became the new sultan.

• Mughal succession also involved competition between members of the ruling family. • Both empires experienced conflicts and power struggles over who would rule.

Was absolutism in France actually absolute?

• French kings believed their authority came from God (divine right).

• Louis XIV ruled without needing Parliament's consent.

• He built Versailles to control and impress the nobility.

• He maintained a standing army to strengthen his power.

• However, financial problems, wars and the need to work with nobles limited his power.

How did Neo-Confucianism shape Ming rule of China?

• Neo-Confucianism influenced the values and beliefs of the Ming government.

• It emphasized traditional values and an organized society.

• The government used civil service exams to select officials.

• Education and Confucian teachings helped people qualify for government positions. • Ming rule emphasized an agricultural society and strong government authority.

How did Emperor Yongle of the Ming dynasty differ from the other emperors of his dynasty in how he interacted with the outside world?

• Yongle encouraged contact with other countries.

• He supported naval expeditions led by Zheng He.

• These voyages expanded China's connections with other regions.

• They encouraged trade and showed China's power.

• Later Ming emperors became more isolated, although some trade continued.

What was the Enlightenment?

• An intellectual movement during the 1700s.

• Emphasized reason and logic to understand the world.

• Thinkers questioned traditional government and religious authority.

• John Locke argued that people had natural rights, including life, liberty and property. • Adam Smith supported laissez-faire economics, meaning less government control over the economy.

What factors triggered the American Revolution?

• The French and Indian War left Britain with major debts.

• Britain wanted the colonies to help pay those debts.

• Britain placed taxes on the colonies.

• Colonists protested because they had no representation in Parliament.

• These disagreements led to the American Revolution in 1775 and the Declaration of Independence in 1776.

What triggered the Haitian Revolution, and how did its goals change over time?

• Saint-Domingue had a large enslaved African population.

• Enslaved people began a major revolt in August 1791.

• Early demands included equal rights for free people of color.

• The revolution expanded into a fight against slavery and French control.

• Haiti declared independence on January 1, 1804.

What led to the French Revolution?

• France had major debts from wars, including the American Revolution.

• King Louis XVI struggled with the country's financial problems.

• The government faced bankruptcy in 1789.

• Enlightenment ideas encouraged people to question the monarchy and inequality.

• Food shortages and high prices increased anger among ordinary people.

How did the Industrial Revolution affect the world outside of Europe?

• Industrialization began in Britain, especially in the textile industry.

• British factories competed with India's textile production.

• Industrialization spread to the United States after 1865.

• Japan industrialized during the Meiji Restoration beginning in 1868.

• Japan adopted Western technology, expanded education and developed silk and cotton industries.

How did the Industrial Revolution and the French shape the goals and ideas of liberalism and conservativism in the 1800s?

• The French Revolution helped inspire liberalism.

• Liberalism supported equality, natural rights and limited voting rights.

• Liberal thinkers also supported laissez-faire economics.

• Conservatism developed partly as a reaction against the French Revolution and supported traditional hierarchy.

• The Industrial Revolution brought economic growth but also difficult working conditions.

What were the goal of socialism in the 1800s?

• Socialism supported cooperation instead of competition and individualism. • It developed partly as a reaction to industrial capitalism.

• Socialists criticized unfair working conditions and economic inequality.

• They wanted wealth and resources to be shared more fairly.

• Karl Marx became an important thinker associated with communism.

Explain two factors that explain the rise of the Mughal Empire? What were two of its main strengths and two of its main weaknesses? Explain your answer.

• The Mughal Empire rose partly because India was politically divided among different rulers, making it easier for Babur to conquer territory.

• Another factor was Babur's use of gunpowder weapons, which gave his army a military advantage over its enemies.

• Babur established Mughal rule in 1526, beginning the empire's expansion in India.

• One major strength was the Mughal military, which helped the empire conquer and control large areas.

• Another strength was its organized government, which used officials and local rulers who paid tribute to help manage the empire.

• Trade and textile production also supported the empire's economy and helped create wealth.

• One weakness was succession disputes because members of the ruling family competed for power when an emperor died, causing instability.

• Another weakness was high taxation, which placed pressure on ordinary people, especially farmers.

• Religious tensions also created challenges because Muslim rulers governed a mostly Hindu population.

• After Aurangzeb died in 1707, the empire weakened, the Maratha Kingdom became stronger, and the Persians sacked Delhi in 1739, showing the decline of Mughal power.

What was the Industrial Revolution, and what led to the Industrial Revolution? Explain your answer.

• The Industrial Revolution was a major change from producing goods by hand to using machines and factories.

• It began in Britain's textile industry between 1750 and 1800, partly because Britain wanted to compete with Indian textiles.

• Before factories became common, people often produced goods at home through a system called the cottage industry.

• New inventions helped increase production, such as the Spinning Jenny, invented in 1767, which allowed workers to spin more thread.

• Early factories were built near rivers because water provided power for the machines.

• Later, steam engines allowed factories to operate without depending on rivers, making production easier to expand.

• The Industrial Revolution changed labor because workers increasingly left home production to work in factories, where wages could be lower.

• Banking helped industrialization because businesses needed money to build factories and purchase machinery.

• Cotton was an important raw material for textile factories, and its production was connected to enslaved labor.

• Transportation improved through steam locomotives and steamboats, while industrialization spread to Europe, the United States, and Japan during the Meiji Restoration.

Were absolute monarchy in France and constitutional monarchy in Great Britain more similar or more different from each other? Explain.

• Absolute monarchy in France and constitutional monarchy in Great Britain were more different because they gave different amounts of power to their monarchs.

• In France, absolutism meant the king held most political authority and did not need Parliament's consent to rule.

• French kings supported the idea of divine right, meaning they believed their authority came from God.

• Louis XIV strengthened royal power by maintaining a standing army and building the Palace of Versailles.

• Versailles helped Louis XIV control the nobility by keeping nobles close to the royal court.

• However, French absolutism was not completely absolute because kings still depended on nobles and faced financial problems from expensive wars.

• In Great Britain, constitutional monarchy meant the monarch's power was limited by laws and Parliament, which controlled taxation.

• The English Civil War from 1642 to 1649 showed the struggle between the king and Parliament, while the Glorious Revolution of 1688–1689 further limited royal power.

• The English Bill of Rights in 1689 placed limits on royal authority and strengthened Parliament's role in government.

• Both countries had monarchs and powerful elites, but Great Britain placed more political limits on its monarch than France did.

What led to the Protestant Reformation, how did it spread, and what were the consequences of its spread?

• The Protestant Reformation was a religious movement during the 1500s that challenged the authority and practices of the Catholic Church.

• One major cause was criticism of indulgences, which were connected to the forgiveness of sins and were being sold by the Church.

• In 1517, Martin Luther published his 95 Theses, criticizing indulgences and questioning Catholic Church practices.

• Luther believed salvation came through faith and God's grace, and that the Bible should be the main source of religious authority.

• His ideas challenged the Catholic Church by questioning the authority of Church leaders and certain religious practices.

• The printing press helped spread the Reformation because it allowed Luther's writings and ideas to reach more people.

• German princes supported and protected Luther, helping Protestantism grow through their political influence.

• John Calvin spread another form of Protestantism from Geneva, while Henry VIII separated the English Church from Rome and established the Church of England.

• The Catholic Church responded with its own reforms, known as the Catholic Reformation, including the Council of Trent from 1545 to 1564.

• Christianity in Europe became divided between Catholics and Protestant groups, contributing to conflicts such as the French Wars of Religion and the Thirty Years' War, which ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.