DAY 1 - ARALING PANLIPUNAN (GEN ED)

MAKAKAPASA AND MAG TO TOP IN JESUS NAME!

LAND BRIDGE THEORY

• Theorizes that the Philippines was once connected to mainland Asia.

• During the last Ice Age, lower sea levels exposed land bridges connecting parts of Asia, Indonesia, New Guinea, and Australia.

• These land bridges supposedly allowed the migration of humans and animals into the Philippine archipelago.

VOLCANIC ORIGIN THEORY

- Dr. Bailey Willis

• Proposes that the Philippines came into existence through volcanic eruptions beneath the Pacific Ocean.

• Associated with the country's location within the Pacific Ring of Fire.

• The Pacific Ring of Fire is an area characterized by frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

LEGEND OF MU OR LEMURIA

- James Churchward

• Suggests that the Philippines and Indonesia were once part of a large Pacific continent called Mu or Lemuria.

• The continent supposedly sank during prehistoric times.

• The legend was influenced by the story of the lost continent of Atlantis.

LEGEND OF MANAUL

• A creation narrative found in Bisaya folklore.

• Manaul is described as a cunning and resourceful bird.

• Manaul manipulates the gods Kaptan and Magauayan into fighting.

• Their conflict eventually leads to the creation of land.

CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY

• Proposes that Earth's continents and landmasses were once joined together in one enormous supercontinent.

• This supercontinent eventually broke apart, and its fragments drifted toward their present locations because of the movement of tectonic plates.

• The theory was proposed by German meteorologist Alfred Wegener in 1912.

ALFRED WEGENER

• A German meteorologist who proposed the Continental Drift Theory in 1912.

• Suggested that the continents were once connected as one supercontinent called Pangaea.

PANGAEA

• The ancient supercontinent in which Earth's major landmasses were once joined together.

• Eventually separated into smaller continental masses.

 LAURASIA

 The northern continental landmass associated with the breakup of Pangaea.

GONDWANA

The southern continental landmass associated with the breakup of Pangaea.

CREATION THEORY

• Explains the origin of the world and humanity through a divine creation account.

• The source associates this explanation with the Biblical book of Genesis.

• Genesis 1:1–31 – Creation of the Earth.

• Genesis 2:4–25 – Account of Adam and Eve.

MIGRATION THEORY

• A hypothesis proposing that the Philippines was populated through successive waves of migration from Southeast Asia.

• Associated with Henry Otley Beyer.

• Identifies four groups of migrants in the sequence presented in the reviewer.

HENRY OTLEY BEYER

• Anthropologist associated with the Migration Theory of the peopling of the Philippines.

• Proposed that the early inhabitants arrived through different waves of migration.

FIRST WAVE OF MIGRATION – DAWNMEN

• Identified in Beyer's Migration Theory as the first group to arrive in the Philippines.

• According to the source, they reached the islands through land bridges.

SECOND WAVE OF MIGRATION – AETAS OR NEGRITOES

• Identified as the second wave in Beyer's Migration Theory.

• According to the source, they arrived through land bridges.

THIRD WAVE OF MIGRATION – INDONESIANS

• Identified as the third wave in Beyer's Migration Theory.

• According to the source, they arrived in the Philippines through boats.

FOURTH WAVE OF MIGRATION – MALAYS

• Identified as the fourth wave in Beyer's Migration Theory.

• According to the source, they arrived through boats.

EVOLUTION THEORY OR CORE POPULATION THEORY

• An alternative explanation of the peopling of the Philippines associated with Felipe Landa Jocano.

• Proposes that the population developed through a more complex process rather than arriving through Beyer's four distinct migration waves.

• The source identifies archaeological discoveries in the Tabon Caves as evidence discussed in connection with this explanation.

FELIPE LANDA JOCANO

• Filipino anthropologist associated with the Evolution Theory or Core Population Theory of Philippine population origins.

• Challenged the traditional explanation of successive migration waves.

TABON CAVES

• Archaeological site located in Palawan.

• Associated with the discovery of remains identified in the reviewer as evidence concerning early human habitation in the Philippines.

• The source identifies 1962 as the year of the discovery discussed.

TABON MAN

• The name associated with the human remains discovered in the Tabon Caves.

• The source identifies the discovered fossil as a skullcap.

ROBERT FOX AND MANUEL SANTIAGO

- Archaeologist identified in the source as one of the individuals who discovered the Tabon Man skullcap in Palawan.

SIKALAK AND SIBKAHAY

• The first man and woman in the creation narrative presented in the source.

• According to the story, Manaul stops the conflict between Sky and Sea.

• Manaul discovers the two inside a bamboo plant.

MA-I

- An early name used by Chinese traders to refer to a place identified in the source as present-day Mindoro.

ISLAS DE SAN LAZARO

• Name given to the Philippine archipelago by Ferdinand Magellan in 1521.

• Means Archipelago of St. Lazarus.

FILIPINAS

• Name given to the islands by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos in 1543.

• Named in honor of Prince of Asturias, the future Philip II of Spain.

PEARL OF THE ORIENT

- Name associated in the source with Fr. Juan J. Delgado in 1751.

PEARL OF THE ORIENT SEAS

- Description of the Philippines associated with Dr. Jose Rizal in 1896.

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

- Name used by the American government during the American period, according to the source.

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

- Name adopted after Philippine independence in 1946.

RIZALINE REPUBLIC

- Name associated in the source with Artemio Ricarte during the 19th century.

MAHARLIKA

- Name associated in the source with Ferdinand Marcos during the 20th century.

BARANGAY

• The basic pre-colonial political unit in the Philippines.

• According to the source, a barangay consisted of approximately 30 to 100 families.

• Its governing structure was a chiefdom.

CHIEFDOM SYSTEM

• A political arrangement in which a community was governed by a recognized chief or local ruler.

• In the pre-colonial barangay, the chief was the datu.

DATU

• The chieftain or ruler of a pre-colonial barangay.

• Also associated with leadership in Muslim communities.

• Exercised executive, legislative, and judicial powers.

• The barangay system was decentralized, meaning local communities exercised their own governing authority.

DECENTRALIZED GOVERNMENT

• A political system in which governing authority is distributed among local political units rather than concentrated in one central government.

• The pre-colonial barangay system was decentralized.

TRIAL BY ORDEAL

• A traditional judicial process used to determine guilt or innocence through a physical test or ordeal.

• The source gives boiling water as an example.

PRE-COLONIAL ECONOMY

• The economic activities practiced by communities before Spanish colonization.

• Included hunting, gathering, agriculture, industries, and domestic and foreign trade.

HUNTING AND GATHERING

- Economic activities involving the collection of naturally available resources and the hunting of animals for food and other necessities.

BARTER SYSTEM

- An economic arrangement in which goods and services are exchanged directly without using money as the medium of exchange.

PRE-COLONIAL INDUSTRIES

- Specialized production and craft activities practiced by pre-colonial communities.

PRE-COLONIAL AGRICULTURE

- Farming activities practiced to provide food and other agricultural products for community consumption.

TRADE AND COMMERCE IN PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINES

- Economic exchange conducted within local communities and with foreign trading partners.

PRE-COLONIAL SOCIAL HIERARCHY

• The social ranking system that organized members of pre-colonial Philippine communities according to their social status and relationship to the ruling class.

  • The source identifies four major social ranks.

DATU CLASS

• The ruling class in pre-colonial Philippine society.

  • Composed of the leaders or rulers of barangays.

MAHARLIKA

• The aristocratic class in pre-colonial Philippine society.

• Associated with the privileged or noble members of the community.

TIMAGUA OR TIMAWA

The common class identified in the source's description of pre-colonial social hierarchy.

ALIPIN OR URIPON

• The dependent class in pre-colonial Philippine society.

• Known as uripon among the Visayans.

• The source associates this class with the concept of utang.

ALIPING NAMAMAHAY

• A type of alipin who possessed land rights and owned a house.

• Was required to respond when called by the master to work in the fields and perform other services.

ALIPING SAGIGILID

• A type of alipin who lived within the master's household.

• Ate from the master's cooking pot.

BOXER CODEX

• An anonymous manuscript from the late 16th century.

• According to the source, it mentioned that only men were qualified to hold the title of datu.

• Also described the dependence of a datu's power on the faithfulness of his followers.

BAYBAYIN OR ALIBATA

- A pre-colonial Filipino writing system used before the widespread adoption of the Latin alphabet.

PRE-COLONIAL EDUCATION

- A largely informal system of learning that emphasized practical skills, moral development, and spiritual knowledge.

APPRENTICESHIP

- A method of learning through direct instruction, observation, and practical experience under a more knowledgeable person.

PRACTICAL OR OCCUPATIONAL EDUCATION

- Learning that develops useful skills needed for everyday living and work.

MORAL AND SPIRITUAL EDUCATION

- Learning that develops an individual's understanding of appropriate behavior, community rules, spiritual beliefs, and responsibilities.

GOD, GOLD, AND GLORY (3Gs)

- The three commonly identified motivations behind European overseas expansion and colonization.

FERDINAND MAGELLAN

• Portuguese explorer who led a Spanish-sponsored expedition that sailed westward toward the Moluccas.

• His expedition reached the Philippines in 1521.

• The expedition paved the way for the eventual Spanish colonization of the Philippines.

FR. PEDRO DE VALDERRAMA

- The fleet chaplain who accompanied Ferdinand Magellan's expedition.

ANTONIO PIGAFETTA

• The chronicler who accompanied Magellan's expedition.

• Recorded important observations and events during the voyage.

DUARTE DE BARBOSA

• A member of Magellan's expedition.

• Identified in the source as Magellan's brother-in-law.

ENRIQUE OF MALACCA

- Magellan's Malay slave who served as an interpreter during the expedition.

FIVE SHIPS OF MAGELLAN'S EXPEDITION

- The five vessels that accompanied Magellan's expedition.

NAMES:

• Trinidad

• Concepcion

• Santiago

• San Antonio

• Victoria

MARCH 16, 1521

- Date when Magellan's expedition sighted the island of Samar, according to the source.

HOMONHON

- The island where Magellan's expedition first anchored in the Philippines, according to the source.

RAJAH KOLAMBU

• A local ruler associated with Magellan's expedition.

• The source identifies him as the person with whom Magellan made a blood compact.

BLOOD COMPACT

- A traditional ceremony symbolizing friendship, trust, and agreement between individuals or leaders.

MAZAUA OR LIMASAWA

- The island identified in the source as the location of the first Catholic Mass in the Philippines, celebrated on March 31, 1521.

MARCH 31, 1521

- Date when the first Catholic Mass in the Philippines was celebrated during Magellan's expedition, according to the source.

LAPU-LAPU

• The chieftain of Mactan who opposed Magellan's forces.

• Associated with the Battle of Mactan, where Magellan was killed.

JUAN SEBASTIAN ELCANO

• The navigator who continued Magellan's expedition after Magellan's death.

• Completed the expedition's circumnavigation of the globe.

• Identified in the source as the first man to circumnavigate the world.

EXPEDITION (LOCASAVI)

LOAYSA
CABOT

SAAVEDRA

VILLALOBOS

MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGAZPI

• Spanish conquistador who arrived in the Philippines in 1565.

• Established the first permanent Spanish settlement in the Philippines.

• Identified as the first Spanish Governor-General.

BLOOD COMPACT

- Agreement of friendship between Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and Sikatuna, a chief of Bohol.

RAJAH TUPAS

- Ruler of Cebu who entered into a treaty of friendship with Miguel Lopez de Legazpi.

SAN MIGUEL

• Name of the first Spanish settlement established in Cebu in 1565, according to the source.

• Later renamed Santissimo Nombre de Jesus.

SANTISSIMO NOMBRE DE JESUS

• Later name of the Spanish settlement originally called San Miguel.

• Means City of the Most Holy Name of Jesus.

MARTIN DE GOITI

- Spanish conquistador associated with the fortification and conquest of Manila, which was then under the leadership of Sulayman.

1571 – ESTABLISHMENT OF MANILA AS CAPITAL

- In 1571, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi established Manila as the capital of the Philippines under Spanish colonial rule.

CENTRALIZED GOVERNMENT

• A system in which political authority and administrative control are concentrated in a central governing authority.

• Under Spanish rule, the Philippines had a centralized government.

• The colony was administered through the Spanish monarchy and its colonial institutions.

COUNCIL OF THE INDIES

• Spanish institution responsible for administering Spain's overseas colonies.

• According to the source, it transmitted royal decrees to the Governor-General of the Philippines.

• These decrees served as guides for colonial administration.

REDUCCION PLAN

• Spanish colonial policy requiring Filipino natives to live in settlements near churches and designated town centers.

• Intended to concentrate the population into organized communities under colonial and religious supervision.

• Associated in the source with Fr. Juan de Plasencia.

CABECERA

- The principal settlement or town center where the population was concentrated under the Spanish Reduccion Plan.

GOVERNOR-GENERAL

• The highest-ranking Spanish colonial official in the Philippines.

• Served as the official representative of the Spanish King.

• Exercised executive, military, judicial, and administrative responsibilities.

CUMPLASE

• The right of the Governor-General to suspend the implementation of a royal decree if he believed that the order would not benefit the colony.

• The usual formula was "I obey but do not comply."

AUDIENCIA REAL OR ROYAL AUDIENCIA

• The highest judicial institution in the Spanish colony.

• Established in the Philippines in 1583.

• Served as a check on the powers of the Governor-General.

RESIDENCIA

• A judicial investigation conducted to examine the conduct and performance of colonial officials after their term of office.

• Served as a mechanism for holding officials accountable.

VISITADOR-GENERAL

• An official tasked with checking the behavior and performance of high-ranking colonial officials.

• Helped monitor abuses and misconduct in colonial administration.

SPANISH COLONIAL ECONOMIC POLICIES

• Economic policies implemented by Spain to regulate and control the economic activities of the Philippines.

• According to the source, these policies were largely characterized by monopolies that benefited the Spaniards.

TRIBUTE

• A tax imposed by the Spanish colonial government on Filipinos.

• Initially amounted to 8 reales.

• Replaced in 1884 by the personal cedula poll tax.

PERSONAL CEDULA

• A personal identification and tax document introduced as a replacement for the tribute system in 1884, according to the source.

• The tax was based on income and applied to residents aged 18 years and above.

POLO Y SERVICIO

• A Spanish colonial policy requiring Filipino men aged 16–60 to render compulsory labor for the government.

• The required service lasted 40 days.

• Laborers often received inadequate food and little or no daily allowance, according to the source.

ENCOMIENDA

• A colonial system involving the granting of land or authority over particular territories and their inhabitants to deserving Spaniards, as described in the source.

• Became a source of corruption and abuse.

GALLEON TRADE OF MANILA–ACAPULCO

• A colonial trading system connecting Manila in the Philippines and Acapulco in Mexico.

• Products were transported between the two locations.

• The system involved forced labor, according to the source.

TOBACCO MONOPOLY

• A Spanish colonial economic policy that placed the production and trade of tobacco under government control.

• The government controlled cultivation, plantation locations, production quotas, and payments to farmers.

• According to the source, it lasted approximately 100 years.

JOSE BASCO Y VARGAS

- Spanish Governor-General associated with the implementation of the Tobacco Monopoly in the Philippines.

CATHOLICISM IN THE PHILIPPINES

• The source identifies Catholicism as the greatest religious legacy of Spanish colonization.

• Its spread was made possible through the activities of Spanish missionaries and religious orders.

AUGUSTINIANS, FRANCISCANS, JESUITS, DOMINICANS, RECOLLECTS, BENEDICTINES

- One of the early religious orders that participated in the Christianization of the Philippines.
ALL FARMERS JUMPED DOWN THE RIVER BANKS.

SPANISH RELIGIOUS ORDERS

- Religious organizations that helped spread Catholicism and establish religious institutions during Spanish colonization.

ORDERS TO MEMORIZE:

• Augustinians

• Franciscans

• Jesuits

• Dominicans

• Recollects

• Benedictines

SEMANA SANTA

• The Holy Week observance commemorating the passion, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ.

• The source associates it with March or April.