Study NCE flashcars

Heredity assumes that

people have 23 chromosomes, genes are composed of DNA and have a genetic code

Heritability

the portion of a trait that can be explained by genetic factors

Instinctual

behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a species aka innate behaviors

Ethology

study of animals behavior in their natural environment -closely related to work by Konrad Lorenz · critical periods: certain behaviors must be learned at early time in development otherwise not learned

psychosexual Stages of development

Oral -> anal -> phallic -> latency -> genital (age 12), and Genital Cephalocaudal "Head to foot" development theory does not cover entire lifespan

Latency stage

least emphasis on sexuality in this stage

Id

sex + aggression, not rational/logic, chaotic, only concerned with body; ego is dependent on the id ; contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

Superego

morality factor -the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations. the moralistic and idealistic portion of the personality -EGO IDEAL; STRIVES for "HIGHER PURPOSE," INHIBITS THE "ID," and INFLUENCES the "EGO" to follow moralistic and ideals goals rather than just realistic goals. Superego makes judgment of right and wrong ; the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations. the moralistic and idealistic portion of the personality

Thantos

self-destructive death instinct

Latent (underlying) & Manifest (visible/apparent)

refer to nature of dream content -A phobia is distinguished from anxiety because in an anxiety reaction, the client is unaware of the source of fear usually

Stage Theorists assume that

Development theorists believe that

qualitative changes between stages occur development is a continuous process that begins at conception (cephalocaudal- develop from head to feet)

Each stage MUST be resolved before

moving on to the next (hence developmental) Emphasis on instincts; id, ego, superego:

ego

develops around age two; uses realistic reasoning to satisfy the id. -the executive administrator of the personality ad the reality principle; controls the impulses between the id and superego

PsychoSOCIAL stages of development

most theorists believe this covers entire lifespan

EGO Psychology

belief in power of reasoning to control behavior

Identity Crisis

used to describe adolescents when they are experimenting with various roles

Ego integrity vs. despair-

65+, ego integrity, being able to look back on oneʼs life with few regrets; belief that oneʼs life served a purpose

piaget cognitive development Stages / sequence

Sensorimotor-> preoperations-> concrete operations-> formal operations -Stages remain the same for all cultures although individual ages may vary

Conservation

Symbolic schema

children can also mentally count at the age; MWV (mass understood first, followed by weight and then volume) cognitive structure that allows child to test things in the physical world

Reversibility

one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape- also mastered in concrete operations stage

Egocentrism

child cannot view the world from vantage point of someone else- occurs in preoperational stage, Ex: “the rain is following me”

Equilibration

the balance between assimilation and accommodation ; In Piagetian nomenclature, the balance between assimilation and accommodation

Animism

when a child acts as if nonliving objects have life like abilities (i.e. rock is talking to them)

Sensorimotor

birth to 2 yrs; practical intelligence, reflexes dominate, Object permanence: objects exist even when child is not interacting with them Child learns best from their actions Similar to Freudʼs oral stage and Eriskonʼs trust vs. mistrust

Preoperations

2-7 yrs, acquisition of symbolic schema

Centration

focusing on key feature but not the rest ; Occurs in the preoperational stage and is characterized by focusing on a key feature of a given object while not noticing the rest of it (Piaget

Concrete operations

It generally spans from age 7 to 11. During this time, children learn to think in a more logical and organized manner. Their reasoning focuses on tangible, physical objects and real- life situations rather than abstract ideas

Formal operations

abstract thinking emerges and problems can be solved using deduction

Representational thought

aka object constancy

PsychoSOCIAL stages of development:

most theorists believe this covers entire lifespan Focus is on social relationships; each stage MUST be resolved before moving to the next

ego psychology

belief in power of reasoning to control behavior

Ego functions are:

logical, rational, and utilize power of reasoning to keep impulses in check

Trust vs. mistrust-

birth to 18 months infants learn whether they can depend on their caregivers to consistently meet their basic needs for food, safety, warmth, and affection

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt –

2-3 yrs Children strive for independence and control over their bodies and choices. Supportive guidance builds confidence, while harsh criticism fosters self-doubt and shame

Initiative vs. guilt –

3 to 5 years During this preschool phase, children assert power over their world through play, social interaction, and decision-making. Success fosters a sense of purpose, while over-control leads to guilt

Industry vs. inferiority-

6 to 11 years Children want to show that they can master skills and accomplish goals independently. Success builds industry (pride, hard work, and competence), while repeated failure, lack of support, or harsh criticism leads to inferiority (doubt, inadequacy, and low self- esteem). [1, 2] 19 to 40 years The core conflict involves balancing a secure sense of self with the need to form deep, committed romantic and platonic relationships

Intimacy vs. isolation –

Generativity vs. stagnation –

40 to 65 yrs- generativity means the ability to do creative work; the productive ability to create a career, family, leisure time

Piaget is a

structualist that believes stage change is qualitative Each stage is a way of making sense of the world

assimilation

take in new info

accomodation

modifying schemas (based on assimilation) * balance between the two is call EQUILIBRATION

VYGOTSKY

disagreed with Piagetʼs notion that development stages take place naturally; insisted that stages unfold based on educational intervention

Proximal Development

difference between a childʼs performance without a teacher vs. what they are capable of with a teacher/instructor

KOLHBERG

moral development theory was expanded from Piaget -Preconventional-> conventional- >postconventional

Heinz story

the story Kohlberg used to assess the level and stage of moral development in an individual (did this in class!)

Preconventional-

respond to consequences; reward and punishment greatly influence behavior; native

PostConventional-

concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, equality, dignity etc ; social contract; universal ethics

John BOWLBY

Bonding and attachment- survival value or adaptive significance -Child must bond with adult before age 3 If bond is severed at early age-> object loss occurs and leads to abnormal Behavior

Object loss

the inability to form normal social relationships

Arnold GESELL

maturationist, Pioneer in using one way mirror with children Development is primarily determined via genetics/heredity; child must be ready before accepting a certain level of education (i.e. kindergarten preparedness)

Harry HARLOW

Well known for maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys Believed attachment is innate and isolation leads to dysfunctional behavior Baby monkeys preferred terry cloth mothers to wire mothers (contact comfort)

Robert KEGAN

Suggests 6 stages of life span development, incorporative, impulsive, imperial, interpersonal, institutional, and interindividual

“holding environment”

the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction

Connotative error

Connotation means the emotional meaning of the word; can cause misunderstanding between cultures Saying something is "bad" when you really mean it is good. ; the word; can cause misunderstanding between cultures Saying something is "bad" when you really mean it is good.

Stanley Milgram

electric shock experiment; proved obedience to authority; (helps explain Nazis and Salem Witch trials)

Approach approach conflict

people would deliver shocks if told to Results from having to choose from two attractive choices

Avoidance avoidance conflict

Results from having to choose from two non preferred choices

Approach avoidance conflict

Both negative and appealing aspects to the decision

Active directive model

approach where the therapist takes a . Instead of passively prominent, guiding role listening, the therapist actively structures sessions, teaches skills, assigns homework, and challenges the client's irrational thoughts.

RJ HAVINGHURST

developmental tasks -early childhood -middle childhood -adolscence -early adulthood -middle ages -late maturity

Early childhood

learning to walk/eat solid foods

Middle childhood

6-12 yrs, learning to get along with peers

Adolescence

12-18 years, prepping for marriage/career

Early adulthood

19 to 30 years, selecting mate/starting family

Middle ages

30 to 60 years, assisting teens to become responsible

Late maturity

60+ retirement, death of spouse

Jane LOEVINGER

-Ego development theorist, similar to Maslow Highest level is “integrated” counseling was conceptualized to focus on o vocational issues tended to utilize social workers and o psychologists to intervene with emotional issues

Abraham MASLOW

Hierarchy of needs Lower order= physiological and safety needs Higher order= self actualization He rejected analytic psychology and behaviorism

RANDOM SIDE NOTES AND EXAM HINTS

Behaviorists do not believe in concepts of the mind (i.e. id, ego, superego); instead, they typically believe if it canʼt be measured then it does not exist

William PERRY

known for ideas related to adult cognitive development (especially college students) -Stresses dualistic thinking: good/bad, right/wrong thinking common to teens Dualism: aka black/white thinking with NO room for ambiguity Students in this stage assume professor has “the answer” Relativistic thinking occurs as one moves into adulthood: not everything can be answered as right or wrong; answers can exist relative to situations; more than one way to view world

Maturationists (aka psychoanalysts and psychodynamic therapists) use

plant growth analogy of development; the mind is driven by instincts while the environment provides nourishment which places limits on development. Therapists place emphasis on letting clients work through early conflicts in session, where the therapist acts like a safe, nonjudgemental parent figure by instincts while the environment provides nourishment

Hysteria

occurs when an individual displays and organic symptom (ex: blindness, deafness) with no evident physiological causes

Pica

a condition in which a person wishes to eat items that have no nutritional value

· in adolescence, males commit suicide

more often than females but females attempt more uicide attempts usually made after depression lifts -30,000/ year appox suicide rates increase with age o fear of death is greatest in mid-life o · Girls grow up to smile more, use more feeling words by age 2, better able to read people w/o verbal cues · Boys are more aggressive, physically active, and are punished more frequently than girls

Visual Cliff

device that uses a glass sheet that stimulate a drop off to determine depth perception in children

Empiricism

scientists can learn only from facts; development merely consists of quantitative changes ; the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation (quantitative changes). grew out of the philosophy of John Locke. a behavioristic view

Organicists

believe change can be internal

Sex role socialization

child “learns” gender identity role

• Marital satisfaction decreases with

parenthood and is lowest prior to the child leaving the home

Cross cultural= multicultural=intracultural

minority clients tend to be misdiagnosed, misunderstood, and find counseling to be customs shared by a group which distinguishes it from other groups, values shared by a group that are learned from other in the group, attitudes, beliefs, art and language that characterize members of a group

Culture

Culture conflict

manifests when an individual experiences conflicting thoughts, feelings, behaviors due to divided cultural loyalties

MACRO culture or MAJORITY culture

the dominant culture that is accepted by the majority of citizens in a given society

Cultural Awareness**

when diagnosing clients with different cultural backgrounds it is helpful to gather more info regarding specifics of culture of client

Freund & Lorenz both agreed that despite cultural affiliation, all individuals have instinct to

Social Learning Theory- aka observational learning

FIGHT -children will imitate behavior - greatest when adult is admired, powerful or well liked

Civil Acts Rights of 1964-

prohibited discrimination based on gender, race, religion or national origin

Mid life Crisis occur for men …and women …

men (40-45) women (35-40)

KEY HINT: multicultural

cultural pluralism (on exams) BUT cultural pluralism can also mean a certain group that has special needs (women, senior citizens)

Culture provides individuals with

standards of conflict

cultural norm

describes how people are supposed to act

factors that increase interpersonal attraction

close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs; PROXEMICS: the study of

Contextualism

-poor economic conditions correlate highly with aggression - in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race or similar cultural background

Dollard/Miller hypothesis

frustration leads to aggression

Balance/Consistency theory

balance in terms of belief systems

Festinger

cognitive dissonance theory: individuals are motivated to reduce cognitive tension; people do not like inconsistency in their thoughts

Mores

plural of “mos”; beliefs of rights and wrongness of behavior; based on morals -folkways vs. mores: folkways describe correct, normal, habitual behavior that when broken can result in embarrassment, mores describe behaviors that when broken result in harm to others ; beliefs regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior; develop as a given group decides what is good and bad for the welfare of the people; people are generally punished for violating this, where as violating "folkways" results in embarrassment (not harm/punishment)

Frank Parsons is first pioneer to focus heavily on

sociocultural issues -· we are all a part of universal culture- all more alike than different · ecological culture: cultural norms are often the result of practical and survival behaviors related to climate or resources in a given environment · early vocalization in infants is nearly identical in all cultures around the globe 1st word typically spoken after age 1 o by 4 years most children can construct o simple sentences middle class kids typically have richer o language because of stimulating environment ·