NURS 104 Week 7: Ethical & Bioethical Issues and Respiratory Medical Language

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering nursing ethics, bioethical principles, worldview development, respiratory combining forms, anatomy, clinical assessments, diagnostics, pathology, and interventions from NURS 104 Week 7.

Nursing Ethics

A system of principles that govern the actions of the nurse in relation to patients, families, other health care providers, policymakers, and society, largely directed by morals and societal norms.

Bioethics

An interdisciplinary field addressing ethical issues resulting from scientific advancement and biotechnology, such as organ transplantation, dialysis, stem cell research, and end-of-life care.

Value

A personal belief about worth that acts as a guide to behavior.

Value System

An entire framework on which an individual's actions and decisions are based.

Values Clarification

A process by which individuals examine the values they hold and how those values function as part of the whole.

Moral Development

The evolving, continuous, and dynamic process through which an individual forms a worldview and value system.

Beneficence

The ethical principle characterized by "Do good," requiring nurses to promote goodness, kindness, and charity, and to act in the best interest of patients at all times.

Non-maleficence

The ethical principle summarized as "Do no harm," which obligates healthcare providers to abstain from injuring others and remove harm to further patient well-being.

Veracity

The ethical principle of truth-telling and honest communication that fosters trust between healthcare providers and patients.

Paternalism

The practice of withholding information (such as diagnosis, treatment, or prognosis) from a patient based on the belief that it is in their best interest, which interferes with their right to self-determination.

Accountability

The ethical standard requiring nurses to own every action, assume full professional responsibility, and uphold quality in skills and knowledge.

Autonomy

The ethical principle of respect for personhood and self-determination, affirming that individuals should be free to make decisions as long as their actions do not infringe upon others.

Fidelity

The agreement to keep promises and commitments made to patients, rooted in the virtue of caring.

pneum/o, pneumat/o, pneumon/o

Combining forms meaning "lung" or "air" (e.g., pneumonia, pneumothorax, pneumomelanosis).

pulmon/o

Combining form meaning "lung only" (e.g., pulmonologist, pulmonary).

nas/o, rhin/o

Combining forms referring to the nose (e.g., nasogastric, rhinorrhea, rhinoplasty).

sept/o

Combining form referring to the nasal septum (e.g., septectomy, septoplasty).

sin/o, sinus/o

Combining forms meaning sinus (e.g., sinusitis, sinusotomy).

tonsill/o

Combining form meaning tonsils (e.g., tonsillectomy, tonsillitis).

adenoid/o

Combining form meaning adenoids (e.g., adenoidectomy, adenoiditis).

pharyng/o

Combining form referring to the pharynx or throat (e.g., pharyngitis, pharyngostenosis).

laryng/o

Combining form referring to the larynx or voice box (e.g., laryngospasm, laryngitis).

trache/o

Combining form referring to the trachea or windpipe (e.g., tracheotomy, tracheostomy).

bronch/o, bronchi/o

Combining forms referring to the bronchus or larger airways (e.g., bronchoscope, bronchiostenosis).

bronchiol/o

Combining form referring to a bronchiole, the smaller airway branching off the bronchi (e.g., bronchiolitis, bronchiolectasis).

alveol/o

Combining form referring to an alveolus or microscopic air sac where gas exchange occurs (e.g., alveolitis, alveolar).

pleur/o

Combining form referring to the pleura, the membrane lining the lungs and chest cavity (e.g., pleuritis, pleurectomy).

lob/o

Combining form meaning lobe, a major subdivision of an organ such as the lung (e.g., lobectomy, lobotomy).

thorac/o, pector/o, steth/o

Combining forms referring to the chest (e.g., thoracic, pectoralgia, stethoscope).

phren/o

Combining form referring to the diaphragm (e.g., phrenospasm, phrenoplegia).

capn/o, carb/o

Combining forms referring to carbon dioxide (e.g., hypercapnia, hypocarbia).

ox/o

Combining form meaning oxygen (e.g., hypoxia, hypoxemia).

spir/o, -pnea

Root and suffix referring to breathing or respiration (e.g., spirometry, eupnea).

Hemoptysis

The coughing up of blood or blood-stained mucus from the respiratory tract.

Expectoration

The act of coughing up or spitting out material from the lungs and air passages.

Sputum

Mucus discharge expelled from the lungs and respiratory tract, typically thick and sticky.

Eupnea

Normal, unlabored breathing with a resting respiratory rate of 12–20 breaths per minute in adults.

Tachypnea

Rapid breathing characterized by a respiratory rate greater than 20 breaths per minute.

Bradypnea

Abnormally slow breathing characterized by a respiratory rate of less than 12 breaths per minute.

Apnea

Complete absence or temporary cessation of breathing (respiratory rate of 0 breaths per minute).

Dyspnea

Difficult, labored, or painful breathing; a subjective sensation of shortness of breath.

Orthopnea

Shortness of breath that occurs when lying flat, compelling the individual to sit upright to breathe.

Hyperpnea

Abnormally deep breathing (hyperventilation), which frequently results in hypocapnia.

Hypopnea

Abnormally shallow breathing (hypoventilation), which frequently leads to hypercapnia.

Epistaxis

Hemorrhage from the nose; a nosebleed.

Rhinorrhea

Excessive watery discharge from the mucous membrane of the nose.

Phrenoplegia

Paralysis of the diaphragm.

Phrenoptosis

Downward displacement or drooping of the diaphragm.

Atelectasis

Incomplete expansion or collapse of lung tissue and alveoli.

Pleural Effusion

An abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural space between the parietal and visceral pleura.

Pneumothorax

An accumulation of air in the pleural cavity / chest cavity causing partial or complete collapse of the lung.

Hemothorax

An accumulation of blood within the pleural space of the chest cavity.

Empyema

The presence of pus in a body cavity, specifically within the pleural space (also known as pyothorax).

Bronchioloalveolar Carcinoma

A subtype of lung adenocarcinoma arising in the epithelial cells of the bronchioles and alveoli.

Auscultation

The physical examination method of listening to sounds inside the body, such as breath sounds, using a stethoscope.

Palpation

A physical assessment technique involving touching or feeling the body to detect tenderness, pain, or crepitus.

Percussion

The act of striking the body surface to elicit sounds that indicate the density of underlying tissue and the presence of fluid or air.

Spirometry

A pulmonary function test that measures the volume and flow rate of air inhaled and exhaled to assess lung performance.

Bronchoscopy

Visual examination of the interior of the tracheobronchial tree using a flexible or rigid bronchoscope.

Thoracoscopy

Visual examination of the pleural cavity and the exterior surface of the lungs using an endoscope passed through the chest wall.

Lobectomy

Surgical excision and removal of an entire lobe of the lung.

Pneumonectomy

The surgical removal of an entire lung.

Tracheostomy

Surgical creation of a new, semi-permanent opening into the trachea through the anterior neck to facilitate airflow.

Endotracheal Intubation

The placement of a tube through the mouth into the trachea to maintain a patent airway and facilitate mechanical ventilation.

Bronchodilator

A drug that relaxes smooth muscle surrounding the bronchial passages to widen the airways and relieve bronchospasm.

Antitussive

A pharmacological agent prescribed to suppress or relieve coughing.