Exam 5 Patho

Liver Disease

Resulting from hepatocellular or obstructive injury, including hepatitis and cirrhosis

Hepatitis

Common worldwide condition causing liver inflammation

Cirrhosis

Liver scarring due to infection or alcoholism

Hepatocyte injury

Causes disruption in liver functions

Clotting factor synthesis

Decreases due to hepatocyte injury

Albumin

Decreases due to hepatocyte injury

Detoxification activity

Decreases, leading to drug accumulation

Conjugation of bilirubin

Decreases, causing hyperbilirubinemia

Deamination activity

Decreases, affecting nitrogen levels

Jaundice

Yellowing of skin due to hyperbilirubinemia

Prehepatic jaundice

Caused by excessive RBC hemolysis

Intrahepatic jaundice

Result of hepatocellular injury

Posthepatic jaundice

Due to bile duct obstruction

Bile duct obstruction

Leads to cholestasis and hyperbilirubinemia

Biliary obstruction

Blockage of bile-carrying ducts

Assessment

Includes patient history and symptoms evaluation

Pruritus

Itching due to bile salts accumulation

RUQ tenderness

Right upper quadrant pain

Spider angioma

Fine capillaries indicative of liver issues

Ascites

Abnormal fluid accumulation in the abdomen

Diagnostic Tests

Include albumin, prothrombin levels, and liver enzymes

Liver transplantation

Last resort for severe liver damage

Hepatitis A

Transmitted via fecal-oral route

Hepatitis B

Transmitted through blood, body fluids, or sex

Hepatitis C

Primarily transmitted through blood

Hepatitis clinical manifestations

Include fever, jaundice, and GI symptoms

Hepatitis A Virus

Fecal-oral transmission, vaccine available

Hepatitis B Virus

Can lead to chronic infection, immune system response

Hepatitis C Virus

Often leads to chronic hepatitis

Portal hypertension

Associated with cirrhosis, leads to varices

Liver Failure Complications

Include jaundice, ascites, and coagulation issues

Cholelithiasis

Formation of gallstones in the gallbladder

Cholecystitis

Inflammation of the gallbladder, often due to stones

Choledocholithiasis

Stones in the common bile duct

Biliary sludge

Precursor to gallstones, contains bile components

Cholangitis

Inflammation due to gallstones in the ducts

Biliary Colic

Pain from gallbladder irritation, often due to stones

Kidneys

Organs for filtration, secretion, and metabolic functions

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Rate of renal blood filtered per unit time

Nephron

Basic functional unit of kidney processing urine

End-stage renal disease (ESRD)

Advanced kidney disease requiring dialysis or transplant

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

Regulates blood pressure and fluid balance

Urea

Waste product excreted in urine

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Hormone stimulating red blood cell production

Renal osteodystrophy

Bone disease due to kidney's inability to activate vitamin D

Nephrotoxic drugs

Substances harmful to kidney function

Hydronephrosis

Kidney swelling due to urine backup

Prerenal Dysfunction

Condition reducing renal perfusion indirectly

Intrarenal Dysfunction

Direct kidney damage from various causes

Post-renal Dysfunction

Obstructive uropathy hindering urine outflow

Costovertebral Angle (CVA)

Area of the back overlying the kidney

Azotemia

Elevated levels of nitrogenous compounds in the blood

Creatinine (Cr)

Muscle breakdown product indicating kidney function

Peritoneal Dialysis (PD)

Procedure using the peritoneum to filter blood

Dwell Time

Duration blood circulates through a machine (e.g., every 15 minutes)

Hemodialysis

Process of removing solutes and fluid from blood using a dialyzer

Arterial-Venous Fistula

Surgical connection between artery and vein for dialysis access

Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT)

Slow, continuous dialysis for unstable patients with smaller blood volumes

Acute Glomerulonephritis (AGN)

Inflammation damaging glomerular membranes, potentially leading to ESRD

Proteinuria

Presence of excess protein in urine, indicative of kidney damage

Nephrotic Syndrome

Glomerular damage causing proteinuria, edema, and hyperlipidemia

Nephrolithiasis

Formation of kidney stones, leading to various symptoms and risk factors

Pyelonephritis

Infection of the renal pelvis often caused by ascending UTIs

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

Sudden decline in kidney function due to various causes, with reversible potential

Chronic Renal Failure (CRF)

Irreversible, progressive kidney damage often requiring dialysis or transplant

Uremic Encephalopathy

Neurological complication of kidney failure due to toxin buildup

Furosemide

Diuretic used to manage fluid retention in kidney disease

Epoetin Alpha

Medication stimulating red blood cell production in anemia of CKD

Blepharitis

Inflammation of the eyelid, causing dry, gritty sensation

Stye

Bacterial infection near eyelash root, appears outside the eye

Conjunctivitis

Inflammation of conjunctiva causing redness, itching, and discharge

Keratitis

Corneal inflammation, often caused by HSV, may lead to scarring

Dacryocystitis

Inflammation of lacrimal sac, presenting with red, watery eye and fever

Scleritis

Inflammation of sclera causing severe pain, light sensitivity, and tearing

Corneal Abrasion

Injury to corneal surface, heals in 24 hours, common in contact lens wearers

Entropion

Eyelid turning inward, causing eye irritation

Ectropion

Eyelid turning outward

Pinguecula

Yellowish growth on conjunctiva

Pterygium

Benign growth encroaching on corneal surface

Exophthalmos

Bulging eye, often caused by hyperthyroidism or tumor

Myopia

Nearsightedness, trouble seeing far away due to elongated eyeball

Hyperopia

Farsightedness, trouble seeing close up due to images focused behind retina

Presbyopia

Age-related decreased lens elasticity in adults

Astigmatism

Abnormal lens/cornea shape causing blurry vision

Amblyopia

Lazy eye, visual cortex neglects images from one eye

Strabismus

Crossed eyes condition, more common in males

Color Blindness

Inability to differentiate certain colors, more common in males

Blindness

Vision not correctable to 20/200 or better

Rods

Photoreceptors for vision in low light

Cones

Photoreceptors for color differentiation

PERRLA

Pupils equally round and reactive to light, assesses eye health

Snellen Eye Chart

Chart for measuring visual acuity, smaller row read indicates better vision

Corneal reflection

Symmetrical reflection of light on corneas when penlight shone in front of patient

Peripheral vision

Examination of the outer edges of the visual field

Fundoscopic exam

Examination of the back of the eye using an ophthalmoscope

Ophthalmoscope

Instrument to shine light through pupil to examine retinal vessels

Tonometry

Measurement of pressure in the eye, often using a device within a slit lamp

Slit lamp examination

High-intensity light used to examine eye structures with a microscope for a magnified view

LASIK

Laser eye surgery to reshape the cornea for vision correction

PRK

Photorefractive keratectomy to reshape the cornea for vision correction