global health exam 2

perinatal

referring to first week of life

neonatal

referring to the first month of life

infant

first year of life

pertussis

highly contagious bacterial disease that is one of the leading causes of vaccine-preventable deaths

whooping cough

spread through close contact with a baby

pneumonia

an inflammation, usually caused by an infection involving the alveoli of the lungs

polio

an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus that can lead to paralysis

sepsis

a serious medical condition caused by a severe infection

leading to systematic inflammatory response

most dangerous developed for pregnant women

the united states

why study women’s health

being born female is a risk factor and subject to greater disparities than a male

women face many unique health problems by their biological sex and place in society

lack of understanding of women’s health scientifically is also a problem

morbidity, disability, and premature death of women have social and economic consequences on families and society as a whole

what is the most powerful and cost effect approach to promote social and economic development

improving the education and health of women

sustainable approaches

by investing in the health of women, we are investing in the health of society

determinants of women’s health

related to sex and gender.

-sex is biological

-gender is cultural

-issues are determined by a combination of biological and social determinants

biological determinants for women

iron deficiency anemia—weaker immune systems, nutritional decifits, susceptibility to chronic or infectious diseases

pregnancy risks- the pregnancy itself, diseases that may be aggravated by the pregnancy, and the effects of some unhealthy lifestyles (eclampsia, hemoorhage, obstetric fistula, preeclampsia)

STIS

Utermine/ovarian cancer

disproportionate burden of disease: breast cancer, undiagnosed heart disease

social determinants (gender)

gender norms assign different roles and values to males and females which globally tend to disadvantage females

inferior status leads to social, health, and economic problems for women that men do not face

what are some social determinants of health that women face

sex selective abortion-the termination of a pregnancy based on the predicted or determined sex of the fetus,overwhelmingly targeting female fetuses in regions with a strong cultural preference for sons

infanticide- intentional killing of child

nutritional access disparities- little girls getting fed less than boys

what are some more social determinants of health that women face

physical and sexual abuse (most is unreported), rape, child marriage, unwanted pregnancies, STIS, dowry death

depression

female head of household- tend to be the poorest, least educated

risks associated with gender roles—cooking indoors over open fires, respiratory diseases

selected measures to reduce STI risks

help women to

initiate their first sexual relations at later ages

be able to refuse unwanted sex —even w their husband

use condoms

have relations with fewer partners

access to care to diagnose and treat STIs early

selected measures to reduce intimate partner violence

prevention and education campaigns to increase awrenesss of intiminate partner violence and chnage cultural norms about violence against women (this is happening and it is not ok)

treatment for those who engage in intimate partner violence

programs to strengthen ties to family and jobs

couples counseling

shelters and crisis centers for battered women

mandatory arrest for offenders

maternal health

globally, more than 500k women each year die from maternal causes, 70k dying from unsafe abortion

3 delays that result in maternal mortality:

1. delay in identifying complications and seeking care

2. delay in transporting a woman to a hospital

3. delay in providing appropriate emergency obstetric care in the hospital (dismissing black women’s issues as low pain tolerance)

unsafe abortion

most of the disability, morbidity, and mortality associated w abortion is connected to. unsafe (legally restricted) abortion

sepsis, hemorrhage and shock

making it illegal doesnt mean its not happening, but happening dangerously

provision of legal, safe, and hygienic abortion services need to be offered

universal access to family planning and services including after abortion (with no financial or discriminatory barriers)

A HEALTH ISSUE, preventing unwanted pregnancies

family planning

family planning saves lives-the ability of individuals and couples to choose if, when, and how many children to have through the use of contraception and fertility treatment

reduce unwanted pregnancy through the promotion and widespread availability of family planning services

info, education, communication to promote informed choices

free/inexpensive services

info provided through trained health wokers (unbiased, based on science)

social marketing to promote services

basic care package for obstetric services (pregnancy and childbirth) that all countries should have

routine pre natal care:

clincal exams

obstetric and gynecological exams

urine tests

lab tests for hemoglobin, blood type, rhesus status, syphilis, STIS

advice on emergencies, delivery, lactation, contraception

education

iron and folic acid supplemnation

tetanus toxoid immunization

delivery care

clean delivery technique, clean cord cutting, clean delivery of placenta and baby

active managementt of third stage of labor

episotomy in appropriate cases

recongintion and management of delivery complications

IV fluid

partograph

essential newborn care

IV antibodies

The intervention you read about in Sri Lanka was focused on:

Maternal mortality

Part of the Sri Lanka intervention included a focus on expanding which component of the health workforce:

Midwives

Sri Lanka has halved maternal deaths every 6 to 12 years since 1935.

true

The intervention in Bangladesh was focused on:

Reduce fertility

Family Welfare Assistants visit women in their homes to deliver health education and healthcare.

True

Increased education and employment opportunities for women was linked with increased demand for contraceptives among women in the interventions you read.

True

The intervention in Bangladesh was funded by all of the following global health organizations except

WHO

The Women's Dignity Project was an intervention to address:

Obstetric fistulas- a serious childbirth injury that creates an abnormal hole between the vagina and the bladder or rectum