A&PII- Test 2

what would be classified as a lymphoid organ?

lymph node

a child with thymic aplasia would most directly show what?

reduced cytotoxic t cells

what lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax?

right lymphatic duct

the lymphatic capillaries are ___

more permeable than blood capillaries

positive selection ensures T cells

recognize self MHC

what is NOT a method that maintains lymph flow

capillary smooth muscle contraction

What is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?

transporting respiratory gases

if afferent lymphatic vessels outnumber efferent vessels, the physiological advantage is

prolonged antigen exposure to lymphocytes

a patient with a splenectomy is most vulnerable to

bloodborne bacterial infections

true or false

the lymphatic capillaries function to absorb the excess protein-containing interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream

true

a patient with HIV has declining CD4 counts. what is the most impaired?

helper T-mediated immune coordination

what is the best description of an antigen

a particle that triggers the adaptive immunity

true or false

Cytotoxic T cells and nk cells kill by secretion of proteins. The first is called perforin, which forms complexes that penetrate the cell membrane and allow the passage of the apoptosis-inducing protein granzyme to enter the targeted cell

true

a flu vaccine is needed seasonally to be effective but polio vaccine is only needed once. the best explanation for this is __

The flu has several strains that change seasonally

the maximum amount of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs during forceful breathing is called ___

vital capacity

what is NOT a type of T cell

antigenic

true or false

the spleen filters lymph

false

memory cells differ because they __

respond faster upon re-exposure

what is associated with passive immunity

passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus

what is part of the second line of defense against microorganisms

complement system

antibodies that act against a particular forgein substance are released by ___

plasma cells

T-cell activation requires ________.

antigen binding and co-stimulation

cancer cells and virus infected body cells can be killed by ___ as part of innate immunity

natural killer cells

the main site of external respiration is the ___

alveoli

carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning causes hypoxia because?

co binds hemoglobin with high affinity

the walls of alveoli are composed of 2 types of cells, type I and type II alveolar cells. the function of type II alveolar cells are to ___

secrete surfactant

what refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs

pulmonary ventilation

what maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea

c shaped cartilage

in emphysema, diffusion capacity decreases primarily due to

reduced surface area

a patient hyperventilating the pH will __

increase

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and though all cell membranes by ___

diffusion

the most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is __

acidosis

What immunoglobulin class is secreted during a secondary response?

ig G

true or false

Intrapleural pressure is normally positive?

false

true or false

forced expiration is passive

false

what are some reasons that the secondary response is better than the primary response to same antigen

- Faster response Memory cells are already primed,

so antibody production begins much more quickly (often within 1-3 days instead of a week or more).

- Higher‑affinity antibodies

Through affinity maturation, antibodies produced in the secondary response bind the antigen more strongly.

- produces more antibodies

what are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation

Rubor (redness)

Tumor (swelling)

Calor (heat)

Dolor (pain)

list the ways in which carbon dioxide is carried in the blood

Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood as bicarbonate ions, bound to hemoglobin, and dissolved in plasma, with bicarbonate being the most important route.

explain the process of exhalation (include info about muscles, volumes and pressure changes

During exhalation, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax, causing the thoracic cavity volume to decrease. This increases the air pressure in the lungs above atmospheric pressure, forcing air out of the lungs.

what is the function of interferons

nterferons help defend against viral infections by slowing virus replication, warning nearby cells, and activating immune responses.

____ reclaims moisture and heat from expired air

nasal conchea

____ is a group of immune disorders when the immune system attacks the bodys own cells

autoimmune disease

what is the function of surfactant in the lungs and explain why it is important

Surfactant reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing collapse, stabilizing air sacs, and making breathing easier. Without surfactant, the lungs would be difficult to inflate and gas exchange would be impaired.

why are there 3 secondary bronchi on the right side, while only 2 on the left

The right lung has 3 secondary bronchi because it has 3 lobes, while the left lung has only 2 secondary bronchi because it has 2 lobes to make room for the heart.

list the 3 different tonsils and their locations

lingual - base of tongue

palatine - either side if the back oral cavity

pharyngeal- posterior wall of nasopharyngeal