U3AOS2 exam prep

social cognitive approach - observational learning

• sca = learning influenced by both social enviornment and cognitive processes.

• observational learning = learning by observing a models behaviour and conseuqneces, without experiencing the consequences personally.

attention

learner ACTIVELY OBSERVES a models behaviour and conequences

Retention — remember

The learner creates and stores a mental representation of the behaviour.

Reproduction — perform

The learner has the physical and mental capabilities to perform the behaviour.

Motivation — want to

The learner has a desire to perform the behaviour. Motivation can be intrinsic or extrinsic.

Reinforcement — consequence

Reinforcement increases the likelihood the learner will repeat the behaviour. It can be self, external or vicarious.

basal ganglia (HABITS)

• encodes long term implicit proceadural memories involving motor skills

• creates association with action and reward, initiates voluntary movement

cerebellum

• encodes and TEMPORARILY STORES implict proceadural memory and conditioned reflexes.

• COORDINATES fine muscle movement, posture, timing, balance.

hippocampus

• encodes, consolidates and retrieves explicit memories.

• transfers NEWLY ENCODED INFORMATION to the neocortex

• hippo does not permanently store memories itself.

neocortex

• long term storage of explicit memories

amygdala

• encodes implicit emotional memories + emotionally arousing explicit memories.

• ^ especially those involving fear

autobiographical memories

memory of events and experiences from an individuals own life

• consists of episodic and semantic memory

imagined futures

• projecting oneself forward in time to imagine a possible future event

• provides details from previously experienced events that are RECOMBINED to construct imagined futures (episodic)

alzheimers and impact on persons ability to retrieve autobiographical memories + imagined episodic future thinking.

1. first impacts hippocampus : first areas affected by brain atrophy - impairs encoding and consolidation of NEW explicit memories

2. then impacts neocortex - long term storage of explicit memories disrupted

aphantasia

absence of voluntary imagery

• may know facts about the object without visualising it

what does brain imaging techniques find?

• overlap in brain activity when people remember past experiences and imagined possible futures.

hippocampal damage - found by brain imaging techniques

• hippocampal atrophy (shrinkage of the hippocampus)

• impairs access to episodic memories, used alongside semantic knowledge to construct imagined futures

post mortem studies - alzheimers

• can see alzheimer related changes (amyloid plaques, neurofibillary tangles, etc)

• helps identify brain damage that is associated with alzheimers disease and how it impact

Amyloid plaques

Build up around neurons and interfere with communication between neurons.

Neurofibrillary tangles:

Build up inside neurons, disrupt the flow of information and are associated with cell death.

fMRI

• detects brain activity by MEASURING CHANGES IN BLOOD FLOW

• RESEARCHER USE TO IDENTIFY WHICH BRAIN AREAS ARE ACTIVE DURING MEMORY TASKS (e.g. retrieving autobiographical memories)

CT scan

• uses X RAYS to produce detailed images of brain STRUCTURE

MRI scan

• produces detailed images of the brain STRUCTURE

• e.g. can show structural changes like brain atrophy

PET scan

• uses radioactive material to measure changes in the body

ATSI ways of knowing view learning as…

• holistic

• relational

• connected to Country

instead of viewing learner as reciving info from teacher..

LEARNER is part of a SYSTEM OF RELATIONSHIPS

• this involves family, community, ancestors and enviornment on country.

Country

foundation of knowledge and learning

• includes waterways, seas, animals, land, etc

knowledge patterened on country meaning

Learning is shaped by specific landscape and its features

• Country holds foundation of knowledge and learning BY OBSERVING ENVIRONMENT AND CONNECTING WITH THE LAND.

Relationships and Kinships

• kinship = social system that defines relationships b/w poeple, country and ancestors.

• determines who hold knowledge and who passes it down

multimodal system of knowledge

• learning can occur in multiple ways

• thru song, dance, music, art,etc.

mnemonics

• technique that enhances memory

• creates associations by linking to existing information in the LTM

written culture mnemonics

• acrostics

• acronyms

• method of loci

method of loci

• enhances retrieval by associating INFORMATION with specific locations . each location ACTS AS A RETRIEVAL CUE.

sung narrative

the WAY knowledge is communicated

songlines

angoriginal song lines are sung narratives that connect places across Country

^through knowledge, cultural significance and STORIES

similarities vs diffs method of loci and songlines

M.O.L

• links information to specific locations using mental images

• LOCATIONS act as retrieval cues

• used for INDIVIDUAL learning

songlines

• LINKS KNOWLEDGE by connecting to specific places across country

• includes spiritual knowledge + vivid emotional stories.