Field Zoology Lecture Exam 2

Why do we need names and classification?

We need names and classification to distinguish between:

• Food and non-food

• Predator and non-predator

• Relatives and non-relative

In taxonomy what is the essential element?

Species is the essential element.

What is the common name and binomial of the new cat species that was just described?

The binomial is Leopardus tilcayo and the common name is Tilcayo cat.

What organized body is responsible for updating and maintaining the rules for naming animals?

The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature is responsible.

What is a homonym?

A homonym is two different words for the same thing.

Who is credited with developing the first rules of nomenclature?

Strickland is credited.

What is step 1 of archiving a specimen?

Step 1 is to collect and humanely euthanize the specimen (and remember to have the correct permits.)

What is step 2 of archiving a specimen?

Step 2 is move the specimen into a controlled setting such as a lab (try to keep specimen in country of origin and have permits if needed to leave area.)

What is step 3 of archiving a specimen?

Step 3 is to examine the specimen and verify that it is new.

What is step 4 of archiving a specimen?

Step 4 is to provide a species epithet for the specimen (generally names are selected to represent geography, morphology, or ecology.)

What is an eponym?

An eponym is a name derived from a person o place (such as naming a new species after the person who “discovered” them.)

What is a holotype?

A holotype is the specimen that is used as the primary representation of a new species.

What is step 5 of archiving a specimen?

Step 5 is to archive the specimen and related data (such as in a museum.)

What is step 6 of archiving a specimen?

Step 6 is to describe and publish record of new species.

What does nomenclature mean?

Nomenclature means “name to call.”

What is biological nomenclature?

Biological nomenclature is the standardized system that optimizes
consistency in the naming of organisms.

Why did the rate of new species being added increased after 2015?

1. DNA/genetics

2. Better technology

3. More people doing it

What are binomial format rules?

• Italicize or underline

• First letter in Genus capitalized, everything else lowercase

• Can be abbreviate Genus name to first letter after first full mention

Why were rules for biological nomenclature established in the 20th century?

Rules were established after the explosion of identification of new species that led to mass confusion. Rules were established by international committees.

Once names are assigned, are they fixed?

No, names once assigned can be changed as new data warrants (such as genetic information that led to the Lynx being renamed from Felis rufus to Lynx rufus.)

Why use biological nomenclature?

• To avoid ambiguity

• Scientific names can be informative

• Common names can be misleading

What is the Quinarian System of classification?

All groups in nature can be separated into five groups called a “circle of affinity.”

Why did the Quinarian System fail?

• Nature doesn’t divide itself into groups perfectly

• Confuses analogy with evolutionary relationships

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What is the Principle of Priority? (Strickland.)

The Principle of Priority states that a valid scientific name is established based on the oldest available name.

What are the five nomenclature codes?

1. Algae, fungi, and plants

2. Cultivated plants

3. Animals

4. Bacteria and archaea grown in cell cultures

5. Viruses

What is the Principle of Binomial Nomenclature?

Species name consists of two parts: a genus and species name

What is the Principle of Publication and Availability?

A name must be published in paper or electonic form.

What is the Principle of Homonymy?

An identical name may be used for only one animal taxon within the same nomenclatural group.

What is the Principle of Synonymy?

When ≥ two distinct scientific names are applied to the same taxonomic group, only the earliest published name is considered valid.

What is the Phenetic Species Concept?

Species are the smallest groups that are consistently and
persistently distinct and distinguishable by ordinary means (Cronquist.)

What is Biological Species Concept?

Species are groups of interbreeding natural populations
that are reproductively isolated from other such groups (Mayr and Ashlock.)

What is Phylogenetic Species Concept?

Species are a single lineage of an ancestor-descendant population that maintains its identity from other such lineages and has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate. (Simpson.)

What is ecological Species Concept?

Species are lineages (or sets of closely
related lineages) occupying minimally different adaptive
zones (Van Valen.)

What is Morphological Scpecies Concept?

Species are identified due to similarities in physical body shapes, structures, and traits. (Issues: cryptic species, convergent evolution.)

What are the 3 processes that influence speciation?

1. Sexual reproduction

2. Somatic mutation

3. Asexual reproduction

What is Parthenogenesis?

Self-impregnation results in the production of a zygote from an unfertilized egg.

What is fission?

An individual organism splits into new, identical individuals.

What is fragmentation?

Self-impregnation resulting in the production of a zygote from an Hounfertilized egg.

How are new species discovered?

1. Community studies or surveys

2. Behavior differences

3. Genetic differences

What is Environmental plasticity?

shells of the same species that have grown in different environments can look very similar.