Nursing Grand Theories (Newman, Rogers, Parse)

Margaret A. Newman

Born October 10, 1933 in Memphis, Tennessee, Died December 18, 2019

Margaret A. Newman

Earned degrees from Baylor University, the University of Tennessee, the University of California-San Francisco, and New York University

Margaret A. Newman

Held academic roles at the University of Tennessee, Pennsylvania State University, and the University of Minnesota

Margaret A. Newman

Her experience caring for her mother with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis contributed to her interest in nursing and to the development of her theory

Margaret A. Newman

Rogers’ ideas of wholeness, pattern, and unidirectionality were foundational influences

Person (Margaret A. Newman)

A unitary, open being continuously interconnected with the universe and engages in an evolving pattern of the whole

Person (Margaret A. Newman)

The person cannot be understood by separating the individual into isolated parts

Consciousness

includes cognitive and affective awareness as well as the interconnected processes of the entire living system

Person (Margaret A. Newman)

Each person expresses a unique life pattern through relationships, choices, movement, and experiences

Health (Margaret A. Newman)

is the pattern of the whole and includes both disease and non-disease

Health (Margaret A. Newman)

Illness does not necessarily mean loss of wholeness; it may be a manifestation of the person’s total evolving pattern

Health (Margaret A. Newman)

is a transformative process toward more inclusive consciousness

Pattern Recognition

enables the person to perceive alternatives and discover new possibilities for action

Environment (Margaret A. Newman)

is the larger whole within individual consciousness exists and evolves

Environment (Margaret A. Newman)

Person and environment are not viewed as separate but together they form a unitary, evolving pattern

Environment (Margaret A. Newman)

Individual patterns interact with family, community, and the wider universe

Environment (Margaret A. Newman)

Person and environment interaction produces unique configurations that may evolve toward higher levels of consciousness

Nursing (Margaret A. Newman)

centers on caring relationships and recognizing the person through patterns

Nursing (Margaret A. Newman)

The nurse enters an authentic partnership with the patient at meaningful or disruptive points in life

Nursing (Margaret A. Newman)

Rather than merely eliminating pathology, nursing helps the person recognize relationships and recurring life patterns

Nursing (Margaret A. Newman)

New insight may reveal choices and possibilities that facilitate

Health

includes conditions traditionally described as illness or pathology [Major Assumptions of Newman’s Theory]

Pathological conditions

can be manifestations of the individual’s total pattern [Major Assumptions of Newman’s Theory]

False

True or False. An individual's underlying pattern only begins to form after structural or functional changes become clinically apparent. [Major Assumptions of Newman’s Theory]

True

True or False. Removing pathology alone does not necessarily change the person’s underlying pattern. [Major Assumptions of Newman’s Theory]

True

True or False. When illness is the way a person’s pattern manifests, that manifestation is still encompassed within health. [Major Assumptions of Newman’s Theory]

To enter an authentic, caring relationship with the person rather than focusing only on correcting the disease

What is the primary focus of the nurse-patient relationship in Newman's perspective? [Nursing Process in Newman’s Perspective]

Meaningful events, relationships, choices, disruptions, and turning points in life

In Newman's framework, what should the nurse invite the person to describe? [Nursing Process in Newman’s Perspective]

Recurring patterns and the meaning the person assigns to them

What specific aspects of patterns are explored during the nursing process according to Newman? [Nursing Process in Newman’s Perspective]

The person becomes aware of previously unseen possibilities

What is the outcome when a nurse helps a person recognize the "pattern of the whole"? [Nursing Process in Newman’s Perspective]

The nurse is a partner in the process, not a controller of it, supporting new choices that emerge from greater awareness

What is the nurse's role when supporting transformation and new choices in Newman's perspective? [Nursing Process in Newman’s Perspective]

Martha E. Rogers

Born May 12, 1914, in Dallas, Texas; died March 13, 1994

Martha E. Rogers

Received her nursing diploma from Knoxville General Hospital School of Nursing and later degrees from George Peabody College, Teachers College–Columbia University, and Johns Hopkins University.

Martha E. Rogers

Practiced in rural public health nursing and visiting nursing and established the Visiting Nurse Service of Phoenix, Arizona

Martha E. Rogers

Served for 21 years as professor and head of the Division of Nursing at New York University; later became Professor Emerita

Martha E. Rogers

Her work established a distinct nursing perspective centered on unitary human beings and their inseparability from the environment

Person (Martha E. Rogers)

is a unitary human being, an irreducible, indivisible, pan dimensional being identified by pattern

Person (Martha E. Rogers)

The whole has characteristics that cannot be predicted by studying individual parts alone

Human beings

are open systems and are continuously changing

Person (Martha E. Rogers)

Each human field has a unique pattern that manifests the person’s identity and life process

Health (Martha E. Rogers)

is an expression of the life process and of the continuously changing human and environmental field pattern

Health (Martha E. Rogers)

Pattern manifestations may be experiences as illness, disease, or well-being

Health (Martha E. Rogers)

is not reduced to the presence or absence of disease

Health (Martha E. Rogers)

Nursing seeks to promote well-being and realization of the person’s maximum health potential

Environment (Martha E. Rogers)

is an irreducible, pandimensional energy field that is integral with the human field

Environment (Martha E. Rogers)

Human and environmental fields are infinite, open, and in continuous mutual process

Environment (Martha E. Rogers)

is not merely an external setting surrounding the patient

Environment (Martha E. Rogers)

Changes in either field occur integrally, continuously, creatively, and cannot be understood in isolation

Nursing (Martha E. Rogers)

is both a science and an art concerned with people and the world in which they live

Nursing (Martha E. Rogers)

Its purpose is to promote health and well-being through understanding human environmental field patterns

Professional practice

promotes harmonious interaction between human and environmental fields

Nursing (Martha E. Rogers)

The art of ____ is the creative use of nursing science for human betterment and constructive patterning

Integrality, Resonancy, Helicy

What are the Homeodynamic Principles according to Rogers?

Integrality

the continuous mutual process of human and environmental fields; neither can be understood as separate from the other

Resonancy

continuous change in wave patterns from lower-frequency, longer-wave pattern toward higher-frequency, shorter-wave patterns

Helicy

continuous, innovative, unpredictable, and increasing diversity of human-environmental field patterns

Assess the person as a whole and attend to pattern manifestations

According to Rogers' framework, how should a nurse approach patient assessment instead of reducing them to separate body systems? [Implications for Nursing Practice-Rogers]

The environment is considered integral to the patient experience, where changes in surroundings and relationships participate in the human–environmental pattern

How does Rogerian nursing practice view the role of the environment in the patient experience? [Implications for Nursing Practice-Rogers]

Interventions that promote harmonious patterning and well-being while respecting the person's uniqueness

What kind of nursing interventions are promoted to support well-being under Rogers' perspective? [Implications for Nursing Practice-Rogers]

Therapeutic touch, music, imagery, movement, and environmental modification

What noninvasive modalities and pattern-focused approaches have been informed by Rogerian practice? [Implications for Nursing Practice-Rogers]

No, the nurse does not "fix a part"; the nurse participates with the person in a mutual human–environmental process

In Rogers' view, does a nurse "fix a part" of a patient, and what is their actual role? [Implications for Nursing Practice-Rogers]

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse

Graduate of Duquesne University; earned Master’s and Doctoral degrees from the University of Pittsburgh

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse

Served as Dean of Nursing at Duquesne University and held faculty/research leadership roles at Hunter College and Loyola University Chicago

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse

Founder and editor of Nursing Science Quarterly and founder of the Institute of Humanbecoming

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse

Her theory synthesizes Rogers’ unitary perspective with existential-phenomenological thought

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse

emphasizes human dignity, freedom, personal meaning, an the inseparability of the human and the universe

Person (Rosemarie Rizzo Parse)

Parse vies this and environment as inseparable

Humanuniverse

Parse uses this term to emphasize their unity

Humanuniverse

is indivisible, unpredictable, everchanging, and continuously cocreating reality

Humanuniverse

A person cannot be understood apart from relationships, situations, values, and the universe in which life is lived

Humanuniverse

Human beings freely choose meanings and ways of becoming within their situations

Living Quality

Parse’s later work uses quality rather than treating health as a separate concept

Living Quality

is defined by the person—not by the nurse or by an external standard of normality

Living Quality

It reflects the person’s lived experience, priorities, hopes, values, and meanings in the emerging now.

Living Quality

Health-related experiences therefore must be understood from the individual’s own perspective

Nursing (Martha E. Rogers)

is a science whose practice is a performing art, lived through relationships with persons, families, groups, and communities

Nursing (Martha E. Rogers)

The nurse practices true presence being genuinely available and attentive to moment-to-moment changes in meaning

Nursing (Martha E. Rogers)

illuminates meaning, supports shifting rhythms, and inspires transcending toward personally chosen possibilities

Nursing (Martha E. Rogers)

The nurse does not impose what the patient should value, but respects freedom, dignity, and personal choice

Meaning & Freedom

People choose meanings and value priorities and participate freely in their becoming. Outsiders cannot assign the meaning of an experience for another person

Meaning, Rhythmicity, Transcendence

What are the 3 themes of Humanbecoming

Meaning

People give and take meaning through speaking, silence, movement, stillness, values, hopes and day-to-day living; it is personally chosen

Rhythmicity

People live unique, continuously changing patterns of relating with others, ideas, objects, and situations

Transcendence

People move beyond the present toward new possibilities, hopes, dreams, and ways of becoming

Newman

focuses on recognition of the evolving person—environmental pattern; health includes disease and is understood as expanding consciousness

Rogers

views human beings and environments as irreducible, pandimensional energy fieldsin continuous mutual process; nursing promote harmonious patterning and well-being

Parse

focuses on humanuniverse, personal meaning, rhythmic patterns, freedom, and cotranscending with possibilities; nursing is lived through true presence

Common Ground among the three people

all three reject a purely reductionist view of the patient and emphasize wholeness/unitarity, pattern, relationship, and the person’s lived experience

Newman

emphasizes pattern recognition and transformation

Rogers

emphasizes human-environmental field patterning

Parse

emphasizes meaning, choice, and true presence