APUSH - Period 1 and 2

Describe the Southwest Pre-Columbian Natives.

Sedentary, farmed corn/maize, irrigation
Notable: Pueblo Revolt

Key parts of the Columbian Exchange.

• Trade of livestock and horses, gave the Natives mobility.

• Trade of technology, such as firearms

• Spread of Christianity and erasure of Native ideas

• Trade of plants and crops, such as potatoes, corn, sugarcane, and tobacco

• People, slavery, cash crops

What were the biggest consequences in Europe of the Columbian Exchange?

Population boom, mercantilism, early capitalism

What was the biggest consequence in th Americas of the Columbian Exchange?

90% of the population was killed and introduced guns and horses

What was the biggest consequence in Africa of the Columbian Exchange?

Slavery increased

What was Spain's motivation for going to the New World?

• Profit - power, wealth, cash crops, natural resources

• Religion - missionaries to spread Christianity

  • "God, Gold, Glory"

Describe the northwestern Pre-Columbian Natives.

Hunting, farming, fishing, foraging, sedentary

Describe the northeastern Pre-Columbian Natives.

Mix of agriculture and hunting.

Describe the plains Pre-Columbian Natives.

Nomadic, followed buffalo

What were the goals of the English in the New World? (3)

To settle, develop agriculture, and to have religious freedom.

What were the motivations of the French and Dutch to go to the New World? (1)

Fur trade. They were not looking to settle nor convert.

What was the relationship between the French/Dutch and the Natives?

It was friendly for business purposes, but they competed for alliances. Generally, they were respectful of Native land.

What was the relationship between the English and the Natives? (2)

It began friendly and cooperative, but they began to push the Natives away and started fighting.

Corporate colony

Colony operated by joint-stock company

Royal Colony

Colony under direct authority of the crown

Proprietary colony

Colony under authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king

When was Jamestown established and by who?

1607 - Virginia Company

What were the hardships of Jamestown?

• Government - fought with each other and native

• Crops - Tobacco boom overshadowed the need for corn

• Death and disease

What was the Headright System? (2)

• Investors - For every share they bought, they got land and even more land if they got tenants

• Tenant - free passage and opportunity

What was the Headright System replaced by? Why?

• Slavery

  • Expensive in the short run, but no contracts and they would work for life.

  • Happened mostly after lifespans increased

When did the Pilgrims arrive in Massachusetts?

1620

What was the Pilgrim - Native relationship

Originally good, the Natives helped the Pilgrims survive through the winter

When did the Puritans arrive? Who were they led by?

1629, John Winthrop

Why did the Puritans move to America? (2)

• They didn't agree with the Catholic structure and beliefs

• Thought that the Protestant Reformation in England was taking too long

When was the (1st) Great Migration?

1630 - 1642

What was the (1st) Great Migration?

~21,000 puritains came to New England

Halfway Covenant (~1600)

Losened Puritan restrictions to keep the community together in massachusetts

What is a major difference between the Pilgrims and the Puritans?

The Pilgrims wanted a separate church, the Puritans wanted to purify the existing English church

New England Characteristics (4)

• Puritans + separatists = congregational

• OK soil, farming for sustenance, no cash crops

• Relied on trade and commerce — shipbuilding

• Town meetings - community voting

Middle Colony Characteristics (3)

• Larger family farms, no cash crops but able to make a living off of farming

• Most diverse

• Crossroads of coastal trade

One difference between the Chesapeake colony and the South

• Chesapeake - Tobacco

• South - Rice + indigo

Chesapeake and Southern colonies characteristics (4)

• Growth of slavery

• More loyal to the Church of England

• Looking more economically

• "backcountry" = poverty

What was early contact like between Europe and the Natives? (overall)

Friendly, with cooperation, trade, and diplomacy

Growing colonization led to what?

Competition and conflict

What is an example of indigenous resistance?

Pueblo Revolt (1680)

• Puebllo people were able to reclaim their society back from Spain for 7 years

Bacons Rebellion

• 1676

• The British wanted order, control, and revenue expansion where it benefited the Crown.

• Colonists wanted land and opportunity, local control, and protection from threats.

• Virginians were upset with Govenor Berkeleys poor leadership

• Bacon led frontier settlers against the colonial governor Berkeley.

• Bacon forced Berkeley out of Jamestown, then died, and so did the movement.

consequences of Bacon's Rebellion? (2)

• Pivot to slave labor

• Led to legislation that benefited poor white farmers

When was the 1st Great Awakening?

1730s to 50s

Characteristics of the 1st Great Awakening? (3)

• More personal connection to God —> "fire and brimstone"

• Traveling preachers —> "evangelism"

• Mass conversions at revivals

What was the 1st Great Awakening impacted by?

The Enlightenment

Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield

Fire and brimstone evangelism, went to rural communities and yelled at them to repent and convert during the 1st Great Awakening