AP Statistics - Chapter 4.1: Sampling and Surveys Vocabulary

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering sampling methods, sampling errors, bias, and survey design concepts from AP Statistics Chapter 4.1.

Population

The entire group of individuals in a statistical study that we want information about.

Census

A study that collects data from every individual in the population.

Sample

A subset of individuals in the population from which we collect data.

Convenience Sampling

A sampling method that selects individuals from the population who are easy to reach.

Bias

A characteristic of a statistical study's design where it is very likely to underestimate or very likely to overestimate the value you want to know.

Describing Bias on a Sample Survey

A two-step explanation requiring you to: 1. Describe how the members of the sample might respond differently from the rest of the population, and 2. Explain how this difference would lead to an underestimate or overestimate.

Voluntary Response Sampling

A sampling method that allows people to choose to be in the sample by responding to a general invitation.

Random Sampling

A sampling method that involves using a chance process to determine which members of a population are included in the sample.

Random (in Statistics)

A term that specifically means "using chance."

Simple Random Sample (SRS)

A sample of size $n$ chosen in such a way that every group of $n$ individuals in the population has an equal chance to be selected as the sample.

Sampling without Replacement

A sampling procedure where an individual from a population can be selected only once.

Sampling with Replacement

A sampling procedure where an individual from a population can be selected more than once.

Strata

Groups of individuals in a population who share characteristics thought to be associated with the variables being measured in a study.

Stratified Random Sample

A sampling method that selects a sample by choosing an SRS from each stratum and combining the SRSs into one overall sample.

Cluster

A group of individuals in the population that are located near each other.

Cluster Random Sampling

A sampling method that selects a sample by randomly choosing clusters and including each member of the selected clusters in the sample.

Systematic Random Sampling

A sampling method that selects a sample from an ordered arrangement of the population by randomly selecting one of the first $k$ individuals and choosing every $k\text{th}$ individual thereafter.

Undercoverage

A problem that occurs when some members of the population are less likely to be chosen or cannot be chosen in a sample.

Nonresponse

A problem that occurs when an individual chosen for the sample cannot be contacted or refuses to participate.

Nonresponse vs. Voluntary Response

Nonresponse can occur only after a sample has been selected, whereas in a voluntary response sample, every individual has opted to take part so there will not be any nonresponse.

Question Wording Bias

Bias introduced by confusing or leading questions, where even a single word can make a difference in responses.

Question Order Bias

Bias that occurs when the order in which questions are asked influences results by changing the perceived relationship between questions and altering their meaning.

Response Bias

A systematic pattern of inaccurate answers given to a survey question.

KNOW COLD: Four principles of a well designed experiment

Comparison, random assignment, replication, control