Anatomy Exam 2

group of structurally and functionally related cells and their external environment that together perform common functions

tissue

what are the two components of tissue

a discrete populations of cells and the ECM

what are the four types of tissues

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

what are the two main components in the ECM

ground substance and protein fibers

what are the three types of proteins found in ECM

proteoglycans, glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans

consist of glycosamionglycans bound to a protein core, structure resembles a bottle brush, helps make the ECM firmer, also acts as a barrier to diffusion

proteoglycans

long, straight polysaccharide chains, these ions can create a concentration gradient within the ECF, draws water out of cells

glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

responsible for adhering, or “gluing”, the cells both to each and into their places within the ECM.

glycoproteins or cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs)

a material that can withstand a large amount of pulling or stretching without breaking`

high tensile strength

which protein exhibits high tensile strength

collagen fibers

able to stretch to one and a half times their resting length without breaking

detensibility

when stretching is removed they return to their original length

elasticity

which protein exhibits distensibility and elasticity

elastic fibers

which fibers interweave to form a netlike supporting structure

reticular fibers

hold cells tightly together, making the spaces between them impermeable, composed of integral proteins,

tight junctions

composed of integral proteins that link two cells, act like buttons or snaps, and make sure mechanical stress is evenly distributed

desmosomes

small pores in adjacent plasma membranes, formed by protein channels, allow small substances to pass freely

gap junctions

tight junction locations

between the cells of blood vessels

desmosomes location

epithelia of the skin

gap junction locations (prominent in cells that communicate with electrical signals)

cardiac muscle

where are epithelial tissues found

on every internal and external body surface

how does epithelial tissue get oxygen & nutrients

oxygen and nutrients from the blood must diffuse up to the cells

how much ECM is found in epithelial tissue

none the ecm is located beneath the cells

what is the ECM of the epithelial tissue located beneath called

basement membrane

what is the function of the basement membrane

“glue” the epithelial tissue to underlying connective tissue

what are the two components of the basement membrane

basal lamina and reticular lamina

what is the bottom layer of the basement membrane

reticular lamina

____ lamina: ECM of epithelial, synthesized by epithelial cells, consists mostly of collagen fibers and ground substance

basal

_____ lamina: manufactured by connective tissue deep to epithelial tissue, consists of reticular fibers and ground substance

reticular

what are the categories based on number of cell layers

simple epithelia and stratified epithelia

what are the basic shapes of epithelial cells (3)

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

only a single layer of cells

simple epithelia

consisting of more than one cell layer

stratified epithelia

how does the structure of simple epithelia aid in their function

their thinness makes them perfect for lining hollow organs and surfaces

simple squamous: function

diffusion, produces serous fluid

simple squamous: location

air sacs of lungs, lines body cavities

simpel cuboidal: function

absorption and secretion

simple cuboidal: location

kidney tubules, glands

simple columnar: function

with microvili- absorption, with cilia- propulsion of egg

simple columnar: location

small intestine and uterine tube

pseudostratified columar: function

secretes and propels mucus

pseudostratified columar: location

nasal cavity and trachea

what are two ways in which substances are transported across simple epithelia

paracellular and transcellular transport

substances can leak between epithelial cells

paracellular transport

substance enters the cell through phospholipid bilayer, diffuses through cytosol, exits through the other surface of a cell

transcellular transport

primary function of stratified epithelia

protective barriers

where is stratified epithelia commonly found

in areas subject to a high degree of mechanical stress

which surface is used to name the shape of stratified epithelia?

the apical surface (the topmost layer)

what are three types of stratified epithelia

squamous, cuboidal and columnar, transitional

nonkeratinized stratified squamous: function

protection from abrasion

nonkeratinized stratified squamous: location

mouth, vagina

stratified cuboidal: function

secretion

stratified cuboidal: location

sweat glands

stratified columnar: function

protection, some absorption and secretion

stratified columnar: location

ducts of certain glands, parts of male urethra

transitional: function

stretches

transitional: location

urinary bladder

keratinized stratified squamous: function

protection from abrasion, prevents water loss through the skin

keratinized stratified squamous: location

epidermis

structure that makes and secretes a product

gland

what type of tissue forms glands

epithelial tissue

which cells make the product in a gland

secretory cells

which type of gland secretes its product through a duct, has local actions only, and releases its product to the exterior/hollow organs that open to the outside of the body

exocrine glands

which type of gland lacks ducts, facilitates communication between cells in distant areas of the body, and secretes its product usually hormones, directly into the blood

endocrine glands

the simplest

the simplest exocrine glands, composed of a single cell

unicellular glands

what is the most common unicellular gland

goblet cell

goblet cells secrete ___ that protects the underlying epithelium

mucus

epithelium lining in the digestive and respiratory tracts

goblet cell location

made of clusters of secretory cells arranged in different ways

multicellular gland

glands that have ducts that don’t branch

simple glands

glands that have branches

compound glands

merocrine secretion: location

salivary and sweat glands

package their products in secretory vesicles for release by exocytosis

merocrine gland mechanism

holocrine gland: location

sebaceous glands of the skin

• secretory cells accumulate their product in the cytosol; the product not released until the cell ruptures and dies

• dead cells then shed and released with the product

holocrine secretion mechanism

primary function of the pectoral girdle (2)

support the upper limb, sites of attachments of numerous muscles

what bones compose the pectoral girdle (2)

clavicle and scapula

what is the common name for the clavicle

the collar bone

what are the names of the two ends of the clavicle

sternal end and acromial end

the ____ end articulates with the manubrium at the sternum, forming the _____ joint

sternal, sternoclaviuclar

the ____ end articulates with the process of the scapula called the acromion to form the ____ joint

acromial, acromioclavicular

how does the clavicle appear if you look down at it from above

S-shaped

how do most fractures of the clavicle occur

direct trauma or from falling onto an outstretched arm

what is the general shape of this bone

triangular

what are the names for the three edges/borders of the triangle

medial, lateral, superior borders

what are the names for the three points of the triangle

superior, inferior, lateral

the spine of the scapula is a continuation of what structure

“the blade” of shoulder

is the spine located on the anterior or the posterior side of the scapula

posterior side

what is the depression located above the spine

supraspinous fossa

what is the depression located below the spine (posterior)

infraspinous fossa

what is the name of the indentation where the humerus articulates? what is the name of this joint

the glenoid cavity (fossa), forms the shoulder joint

what is the structure that protrudes from the anterior side of the scapula and resembles a bent little finger

coracoid process

what is the name of the depression on the anterior side of the scapula

subscapular fossa

connecting and binding, support, protection, transport

functions of connective tissue

what does all CT have in common

their ECM plays an extensive role in their functions

where is CT proper located

where it connects tissues and organs together

list the cells found in CT proper (5)

fibroblasts, adipocytes, mast cells, phagocytes, other immune cells

fat cells that store lipids

adipocytes

immune system cells involved in inflammation

mast cells