CHE 008A MT2

meth

1 C

eth

2 C

prop

3C

but

4C

pent

5C

hex

6C

hept

7C

oct

8C

non

9C

dec

10C

primary

• C bonded to 1 C

• Alcohols/Alkyl Halides bonded to 1 C

secondary

• C bonded to 2 C’s

• Alcohols/Alkyl Halides bonded to 2 C’s

tertiary

• C bonded to 3 C’s

• Alcohols/Alkyl Halides bonded to 3 C’s

quaternary

C bonded to 4 C’s

amine naming

based on how many C’s they’re bonded to, different to the alcohols and alkyl halides

isomer

same molecular formula with a different arrangement

constitutional

same formula, different connections

stereoisomer

same connections, different orientations in space

cis isomer

groups are on the "same side" of a double bond or ring

trans isomer

groups are on opposite sides

stereocenter

a C bonded to 4 DIFFERENT GROUPS

enantiomer

• every stereocenter flipped

• diff when mirrored

• mirror image doesnt match

diastereomer

• only some stereocenters are flipped

• atleast 1 stays the same

• cis/trans siomers

chiral

different when mirrored

• a hand, or an ear

• optically active (rotates polarized light)

• C bonded to 4 diff groups

• no plane of symmetry

achiral

same when mirrored

• a chair, or a fork

• has a plane of symmetry

• can be rotated to match the original structure perfectly

• optically inactive (doesn’t rotate polarized light)

• NO stereocenters

meso

contains two or more stereocenters AND internal plane of symmetry

• achiral

• can be rotated to match the original structure perfectly

racemic

50:50 combo of two chiral enantiomers

• equal amts

• denotes with a (±)

• the opposite rotations cancel out, so it doesn’t rotate the polarized light

alkane

only single carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds

alkyne

hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond

alkene

hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond

alcohol

hydroxyl group attached directly to an alkyl carbon

aromatic ring/benzene

6-carbon cyclic ring with alternating single and double bonds

amine

nitrogen atom attached to carbon chains or hydrogen atoms without being connected to a carbonyl group

ether

oxygen atom single-bonded to two carbon/alkyl groups

• usually sp³

haloalkane/alkyl halide

carbon chain directly connected to a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I, etc)

amide

carbonyl carbon attached directly to a nitrogen atom

aldehyde

carbonyl group bonded to at least one hydrogen atom

carbonyl

carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom

ketone

carbonyl group bonded to two carbon/alkyl groups

carboxylic acid

carbonyl group attached directly to a hydroxyl group

• often written as -COOH

ester

carbonyl group attached directly to an ether-like oxygen atom connected to another carbon chain

nitrile

carbon atom triple-bonded to a nitrogen atom

• often written as -CN

isopropyl

tert-butyl

E

different direction alkene

Z

same direction alkene

axial

pointing up/down

• alternates on every C

• if up, E is slanted down

• if down, E is slanted up

equitorial

pointing slanted to the sides

identical

same R/S

symmetric

high IMF

high BP

high BP

high IMF

isomer ID

1. formulas

2. connectivity

3. rotation

4. mirror

5. meso

newman steps

1. pick line of sight

2. orientation of Y

3. wedges go R, dashes go L

4. up goes up, down goes down

equitorial

slanted sideways, MORE STABLE

• if slanted down, A is up

• if slanted up, A is down

wedge

A/E UP

dash

A/E DOWN

Z

halves of alkene are same side, same direction

e/z steps

1. split alkene

2. assign priority

3. compare sides

r/s steps

1. choose 1-4

2. break ties with connected atoms

3. check direction

4. make sure 4 is a DASH

   1. if not, switch ur result to opposite R/S

IMF

1. h-bond

2. dipole

3. LDF