A&P lab #6 Appendicular Skeleton

What bones does the appendicular skeleton consist of (8)

Scapula

Clavicle

Humerus

Radius

Ulna

Carpals

Metacarpals

Phalanges

Describe bones in the pectoral girdles

Paired

Attack the upper limbs to the axial skeleton

Each pectoral girdle is composed of an anterior clavicle and posterior scapula

Describe the clavicles and its parts

Hold scapulae and arms out laterally

Has an Acromial/lateral end

• Flattened

• Articulates with scapula

• 
  

Has a sternal/medial end

• Cone shaped

• Attaches to sternal manubrium

Describe the Scapulae (not its parts)

Thin triangular flat bones

Lie dorsal surface of rib cage

Articulates with humerus and clavicle

Name and describe the parts of the scapulae

Acromion

• Point of shoulder

• Roughened triangular projection

• Articulates with acromial end of clavicle forming the acromioclavicular joint

• 
  

Coracoid process

• Looks like a bent finger

• Helps anchor bicep muscle

• 
  

Glenoid cavity

• Articulated with the humerus forming the shoulder joint

• 
  

Spine

• On posterior surface

• Easily felt through the skin

• 
  

Subscapular fossa

• Shallow concavity formed by the entire anterior surface

• 
  

Supraspinous fossa

• Shallow concavity superior to the spine

• 
  

Infraspinous fossa

• Shallow concavity inferior to the spine

What does process mean

Projection

What does fossa mean

Shallow depression for articulation or muscle attachment

What does spine mean

Pointed projection for muscle attachment

Describe the humerus

Long bone

Articulates with the scapula at the shoulder and with the radius and ulna at the elbow

Name and describe the parts of the humerus

Head

• Smooth hemispherical proximal end

• Fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapula

Greater tubercle

• Inferior to head

• On the lateral side of the body

• 
  

Lesser tubercle

• Inferior to head

• On the medial side of the body

Deltoid tuberosity

• Midway down the shaft on the lateral side

• V- shaped

• 
  

Trochlea

• Distal- medial end

• Looks like an hourglass tipped on its side

• 
  

Capitulum

• Distal- lateral end

• Ball like

• Articulate with ulna and radius

Medial epicondyle

• Distal medial end

• On the side of the trochlea

• 
  

Lateral epicondyle

• Distal end

• On the side of the capitulum

• 
  

Coronoid fossa

• Superior to the trochlea

• Anterior surface

• 
  

Olecranon fossa

• Superior to the trochlea

• Posterior surface

What does head mean

Large, proximal prominence for articulation

What does Tubercle mean

Small rounded projection for muscle attachment

What does tuberosity mean

Rough, raised surface for muscle attachment

Describe the ulna

Slightly longer than radius

Forms the elbow joint with the humerus

Name and describe the parts of the ulna

Coronoid process

• located on the anterior, proximal ulna, just below the trochlear notch

• Helps stabilize elbow

• 
  

Olecranon process

• Elbow

• 
  

Trochlear notch

• Deep concavity

• Separated olecranon and coronoid? process

• 
  

Head

• Knoblike distal end

Describe the radius

Thin at proximal end and wide distally

Name and describe the parts of the radius (3)

Radial tuberosity

• Inferior to the head

• Anchors muscle (bicep)

Styloid process

• On the lateral side

• Anchoring site for ligaments

Head

• Shaped like the head of a nail

• Articulates with capitulum of the humerus and radial notch

Describe the hand bones

Carpus (wrist)

• 8 bones called carpals

Metacarpus (Palm)

• 10 bones called metacarpals

• 
  

Phalanges (Fingers)

• 14 bones

Name the proximal row of carpal bones lateral to medial

Scaphoid

Lunate

Triquetrum

Pisiform

Name the distal row of carpal bones lateral to medial

Trapezium

Trapezoid

Capitate

Hamate

Describe metacarpals

Long bones

Numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 from thumb (pollex) to little finger

Bases articulate with the carpals proximally and each other medially and laterally

Heads articulate with proximal phalanges

Describe the phalanges

Numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 beginning with the thumb (pollex)

14 long bones

Thumb has two phalanges

• Distal

• Proximal

Each finger (not thumb) has 3 phalanges

• Distal

• Middle

• End

Name all the arm muscles

Biceps brachii

Triceps brachii

Brachialis

Brachioradialis

Extensor digitorum

Flexor digitorum

Describe Biceps brachii

A two headed muscle

Originates from the scapula

Functions in flexion of the forearm at the elbow

Describes triceps brachii

Only major muscle of the posterior compartment of the arm

Has 3 heads

Prime extensor of the forearm at the elbow

Describe the brachialis

Located deep to the biceps brachii in the anterior compartment

Originates from the humeral shaft

Preforms elbow flexion

• *It is a key synergist to the biceps

What is a synergist

A helper muscle that assists the primary mover (or agonist) during movement by adding extra force or stabilizing the joint

Describe the Brachioradialis

Forearm muscle

Originates from ridge of humerus and inserts onto the radius

Flexes the forearm at the elbow (especially in a neutral wrist position)

Describe the extensor digitorum

A muscle in the posterior compartment of the forearm

Originates from humerus and ends in the dorsal bases of the middle, ring, and little fingers

Its function is to extend the fingers

Describe the Flexor digitorum

A muscle in the anterior compartment of the forearm

Originates from the humerus and ends in the distal phalanges of the middle, ring, and little fingers

Function is to flex the fingers

What are the appendicular skeleton bones of the Pelvic Girdle and lower limbs

Pelvis

Femur

Tibia

Fibula

Ulna

Tarsals

Metatarsals

Phalanges

Describe the pelvic girdle

Sacrum (axial)

Pair of hip bones each called an os coxae or coxal bone

Attaches lower limbs to axial skeleton, transmits the weight of the upper body to the lower limbs and supports the visceral organs of the pelvis

Name the 3 fused bones the hips consist of

Ilium

Ischium

Pubis

What is the acetabulum

Point of fusion is the hemispherical socket called the acetabulum on lateral surface of the pelvis

Receives the head of the femur forming the hip joint

Describe the Ilium and its parts

Large flaring bone forming the superior region of the hip bone

Iliac crests

• Thickened superior margins of the alae (winglike portion)

The roughened auricular surface articulates with the surface of the sacrum forming the SACROILIAC JOINT

Describe the Ischium and its parts

Posteroinferior of the hip bone

L or arched shaped

Ischial tuberosity

• Inferior surface of the ischial body that is rough and grossly thickened

Describe the Pubis and its parts

Anterior portion of the hip bone

Pubis runs laterally and joins ischium forming a large opening called the OBTURATOR FORAMEN

Pubic symphysis

• joints the hip bones together at the midline

Male verses female pelvis

Females have a wider pelvis that males to allow for childbirth

• Angle of pubic arch is greater with a wide pelvic inlet

Females wider, shallower, lighter, and rounder than men

Name the bones of the lower limb

Femur

Pelvis

Tibia

Fibula

Tarsal bones

Metatarsal bones

Phalanges

Name and describe the parts of the femur

Head

• Ball like proximal end

• 
  

Neck

• Angles to join head to shaft

• 
  

Greater trochanter

• At the junction of the shaft and neck

• Lateral

• 
  

Lesser trochanter

• At the junction of the shaft and neck

• Posteromedial

• 
  

Medial condyle

• Distal medial end which articulates with the tibia of the leg

• 
  

Lateral condyle

• Distal lateral end which articulates with the tibia

What does the patella do

Kneecap

Protects the tibiofemoral joint (knee joint) anteriorly and improves leverage of thigh muscles

Name and describe the parts of the fibula

Sticklike bone with slightly expanded ends

Articulates proximally and distally with the lateral aspects of the tibia

Lateral malleolus

• Distal end

• Forms the ankle bulge and articulates with the talus

Name and describe the parts of the tibia

Receives the weight of the body from the femur and transmits it to the foot

Sits medially in anatomical position

Medial and lateral condyles

• At the broad proximal end

Tibial tuberosity

• Inferior to the condyles on the tibias anterior surface

Medial malleolus

• Inferior projection which forms the medial bulge of the ankle

Describe the tarsus bone and its parts

Seven bones called tarsals that form the posterior half of the food

Talus

• largest, most posterior “quarter of back foot”, articulates with the tibia and fibula superiorly

Calcaneus

• Articulates with talus, forms the heel of the foot

Lateral cuboid

Medial navicular

Middle intermediate cuneiform bones

Lateral cuneiform bones

Describe the metatarsus

Consists of 5 small long bones called metatarsals

Numbered 1-5 beginning with the medial (big toe) side

Describe the phalanges

3 phalanges for each digit except the great tow (hallux)

Distal

Middle

Proximal

Name the anterior leg muscles

Tensor fasciae latae

Vastus intermedius (deep to rectus femoris)

Sartorius

Rectus femoris

Vastus medialis

Vastus lateralis

Tibialis anterior

Name and describe the quadricep anterior muscles

Rectus femoris

• Top muscle of the quadriceps group

• Starts from hip bone and crosses both hip and knee joint

• Helps straighten the knee and lift the thigh

Vastus lateralis

• Outer part of quadriceps

• Starts from outer side of femur

• Straightens the knee and helps keep kneecap in place

Vastus medialis

• Inner part of quadriceps

• Starts from the inner side of the femur

• straightens the knee and helps keep kneecap in place

Vastus intermedius

• Deep to rectus femoris

• Starts from the front of the femur shaft

• Helps straighten knee and keep kneecap in place

Describe the Tibialis anterior

A muscle on the front of the lower leg

Starts from shin bone and goes to the top of the foot

It lifts the front of the foot (dorsiflexion) and turns the foot inward

Describe the Tensor fasciae latae

Small muscle on the outer side of the thigh

Starts from the top of the hip bone (iliac crest)

Help stabilizes the hip and assists in walking and running

Name all the posterior leg muscles

Gluteus medius

Gluteus maximus

Semitendinosus

Biceps femoris

Semimembranosus

Gastrocnemius

Soleus

Name and describe the hamstring muscles

Biceps femoris

• Has long and short heads

• Flexes the knee and extends the hip

• Assists in lateral rotation of thigh

Semimembranosus

• Deep to biceps femoris

• Flexes the knee

• Extends the hip

• assists in medial rotation of the thigh

Semitendinosus

• Flexes the knee

• extends the hip

• Assists in medial rotation of the thigh

Describe the Gluteus muscles

Gluteus medius

• Fan shaped muscle in the butt

• Between the gluteus max and min

• Move the thigh away from the midline

• helps stabilize the pelvis during walking

Gluteus Maximus

• Largest and most superficial butt muscle

• Extends the thigh (pulls it backward)

• 
  

Describe the Gastrocnemius and Soleus

Gastrocnemius

• Large calf muscle with two heads

• It plantar flexes the ankle (points the foot downward)

• Assists in knee flexion when foot is flat

Soleus

• A deep calf muscle bellow the gastrocnemius

• It planter flexes the ankle (mainly when knee is straight)

• Support posture and walking

Name the medial leg Muscles

Adductor longus

Gracilis

Adductor magnus

Sartorius

Describe the Medial side of the leg muscles

Gracilis

• Long thin muscle

• Runs from pubic bone to the inner shin

• Most superficial adductor

• Moves thigh toward the midline

• Flex the hip

Adductor magnus

• Largest medial thigh muscle

• Has two parts

• Adductor part pulls thigh towards the midline and flexes hip

• Hamstring part extends the thigh and adduct it

• Starts on the pubis and ischium and attacked to the inner femur

Adductor longus

• A flat muscle

• Starts on pubic bone and ends on the middle of the inner femur

• Main job is to pull thigh towards the body’s midline

Sartorius

• Largest muscle in the body

• Starts on hip bone and ends on the inner shin

• Flexas, abducts, and externally rotates the hip