seventh

PLATYRRHINI

new world primates, broad nosed, 2.1.3.3 dental formula, some are suspensory and have prehensile tail, foun in Southern Mexico and South America

CATARRHINI

contains the monkeys and apes of the old world including humans

CERCOPITHECOIDEA

old world monkeys

CORCEOPITHECINES

baboons, macaques, and guenons (omnivorous, cheek pouches, majority found in Africa)

COLOBINES

African colobus monkeys, and Asian langurs (leaf eaters/folivorous)

HOMINIODAE (APES)

large body size, absence of tails, shortened trunk (more stable lower back), arms longer than legs, anatomical differences in shoulder joints to allow suspension, increased period of infant development

HYLOBATIDAE (GIBBONS AND SIAMANGS)

found in the tropical areas of Southeast Asia, feed while hanging, diet is mostly fruits leaves and insects, are territorial

ORANGUTANS

found in heavily forested areas of Borneo and Sumatra, pronounced sexual dimorphism, solitary, frugivorous

THREE GEOGRAPHICAL GROUPS OF GORILLAS IN AFRICA

eastern lowland, western lowland, and mountain gorillas

CHIMPANZEES

found in equatorial Africa, anatomically similar to gorillas, knuckle walk and brachiation in the trees, occasionally move bipedalism, eat variety of plant and animal foods, large communities, form lifelong attachments

BONOBOS

only found in an area south of the Zaire River, populations is believed to only 29,000-50,000, exploit same foods as chimps, male-female bonds constitute the societal core

BEHAVIOR ECOLOGY

behaviors have evolved through the operation of natural selection. This assumes that behavior can have a biological or genetic component

ECOLOGICAL

pertaining to the relationships between organisms and all aspects of their environment (temperature, predators, non predators, vegetation, availability of food and water, types of food, disease organisms, parasites, etc

NATURE AND NURTURE

from the early 1930’s right through the 1960’s, the American psychologist Harry Harlow set up experiments to test whether mothering skills were instinctual or wether they were learned

SOCIAL STRUCTURE

the composition, size and sex ratio of a group of animals, the social structure of a species is in part the result of natural selection in specific habitat

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE SOCIAL STRUCTURE

body size, BMR, diet, distribution of resources, predation, dispersal, life histories, activity patterns, and human activities

MATRILINES

groups that consist of female, her daughters, and their offspring. Matrilineal groups are common in macaques

PRIMATE RESIDENCE PATTERNS

one male multi female (polygyny)

one female multi male (polyandry)

multi male multi female (fusion-fission)

all male (bachelor groups)

one male, one female (monogamy)

solitary (alone)

DOMINANCE HIERARCHIES

in behavioral ecology these are systems of social organization where in individuals within a group are ranked relative to one another

INFANTICIDE

the killing of a juvenile

TERRITORIES

portions of a home range that are actively defended against intrusion, especially by members of the same species

CORE AREA

the portion of a home range containing the highest concentration and most reliable supplies of food and water

DISPLAY

repetitious behavior that serve to communicate emotional states

AFFILIATIVE BEHAVIORS

promote group cohesion, common behaviors are reconciliation, consolation, and interactions between friends and relatives

ALTRUISM

Refers to a behavior that benefits others while being a disadvantage to the individual

KIN SELECTION / RECIPROCAL ALTRUISM

helping individuals related to you, you are indirectly helping your own genes survive long enough to get passed on tho the next generation

REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES

behaviors or behavioral complexes that have been favored by natural selection to increase individuals reproductive success

PARENTAL INVESTMENT

any expenditure of parental time and effort that benefits an offspring at the expense of the parents ability to invest in other aspects of fitness

MALE REPRODUCTION

compete with other males for access to females

FEMALE REPRODUCTION

compete with other female for access to resources

SEXUAL SELECTION

a type of natural selection that operates on only one sex within a species, it can lead to sexual dimorphism

POLYGYNOUS

pertaining to polygyny, a mating system in which males, and in some cases females, have several mating partners

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM

differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species

POLYANDRY

a mating system where in a female continuously associates with more than one male

CALLS

primitive vocalizations

VERVET MONKEYS

can recognize specific individuals from their calls

CHAMACA BABOONS

quiet calls can mediate social encounters within the group

HOWLER MONKEY CALLS

loud calls transmit information about territories over great distances

EVOLUTION IN LANGUAGE

last common ancestor we share with the living great apes had communication capabilities similar to those we see in these species

CHIMPS (COMMUNICATION)

involves a combo of sounds like grunts, pants, hoots, screams, barks, etc

DIANA AND VERVET MONKEYS

they produce two different alarm calls in response to predators, depending on wether the predator is terrestrial or aerial

SOCIAL SUCCESS

not predetermined by rank or kin

PERSONALITIES

tool to improve social success

BIOLOGICAL

refers to the fact that organisms are related through common ancestry and that behaviors and traits seen in one species are also seen in others to varying degrees

NICE

liberal grunting, strong social bonds

ALOOF

selective grunting, stable social bonds

LONER

often alone, weaker social bonds, high levels of stress hormones