Biology Final

A table that categorizes elements into metals, non-metals, and metalloids.

Periodic Table

What are the three substances in the periodic table?

metals, non-metals, and metalloids

A non-linear process consisting of steps such as observation, question, research, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, conclusion, and report.

Scientific Method

The variable that causes an observable effect in an experiment.

Independent Variable

The variable that is affected by the independent variable and shows the changes observed.

Dependent Variable

Large compounds of nonmetals bonded together through covalent bonds, which make up all organisms.

Macromolecules

How many classes of macromolecules are there?

4

Electrons located in the outermost energy level or shell of an atom

Valence shell electrons

The ability of water molecules to cling to each other due to their partial charges.

Cohesion

The ability of water molecules to "crawl up" a xylem root cell against gravity.

Adhesion

Polysaccharides made from monosaccharide monomers, formed through dehydration synthesis.

Carbohydrates

The process of removing H and OH molecules from two molecules to form a bond, resulting in the loss of water.

Dehydration Synthesis

The process of breaking down a polysaccharide into smaller saccharides by adding water.

Hydrolysis

2 monosaccharides together

Disaccharide

3+ monosaccharides together

Polysaccharide

Important to all life,

Glucose C₉H₁₂O₈

simple sugar that is broken down during glycolysis

Glucose

formed from amino acid monomers by peptide bonds

Proteins

What are the 7 class functions of proteins

contractile, defense, structural, digestive enzymes, transport, hormones, and storage

most basic, has amino acids bonded together

primary level

begins to show more structure, either as an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet attracted through bonds between R groups

secondary level

a string of a-helices and b-pleated sheets together

tertiary level

most complex, has multiple tertiary level strings grouped together

quaternary level

True or false: proteins can be denatured

true

A class of proteins that act as biological catalysts, speeding up reactions.

Enzymes

the “puzzle piece” molecule to fit into an active site “hole” to make the enzyme perform a specific function

Substrates

A chemical that attaches to an enzyme to stop the substrate from performing its function.

Inhibitor

Fats and other molecules formed from fatty acid monomers by ester bonds, insoluble in water.

Lipids

1 phosphate group + 1 glycerol + 2 fatty acid tails

phospholipid

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acid tails - dehydration synthesis

triglyceride

DNA and RNA, formed from nucleotide monomers by phosphodiester bonds, found in the nucleus and nucleolus.

Nucleic Acids

The theory that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, the cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms, and all cells come from preexisting cells.

Cell Theory

1590 - created first compound microscope

Zacharias Jansen

1665 - viewed cork under microscope, named "cells" he saw

Robert Hooke

1670s - better microscope, viewed "animalcules" (microorganisms)

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

1838 - all plants are made of cells

Matthias Schleiden

1839 - all animals are made of cells

Theodor Schwann

1855 - all cells come from preexisting cells

Rudolf Virchow

1) All organisms are composed of one or more cells

2) The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms (aka The cell is the basic unit of life)

3) All cells come from preexisting cells

Cell Theory Components

cells, tissue, organs, organ system, organism

Levels of organization of the components of living things from smallest to largest:

most basic unit of life

cell

group of similar cells that work together

tissue

group of tissues that perform a specific function

organ

group of organs with related functions

organ system

living thing carrying out basic functions of life

organism

multicellular organism with a nucleus in each cell, can be either animal or plant cells

Eukaryote

single cell organism without a nucleus, includes bacteria

Prokaryote

plant; protective barrier made of cellulose, helps plant cells to hold their shape even when turgid (overstuffed with water)

Cell wall

animals and plants; flexible barrier that controls what goes in and out of a cell

Cell membrane

prokaryote; another protective coating, outside the cell wall, for some bacteria

Capsule

animal and plant; porous sphere containing all DNA in the cell

Nucleus

animal and plant; small organelle inside a nucleus, makes ribosomes

Nucleolus

animal and plant; small organelle that makes proteins; can be free floating in cytoplasm or attached to RER

Ribosome

animal and plant; creates proteins

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

animal and plant; creates lipids and carbohydrates

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

animal and plant; the cell's "mail carrier:" processes and packages proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates in order to send them out of the cell

Golgi Apparatus/Golgi Bodies

animals; a pair of perpendicular centrioles; contains spindle fibers to help a cell carry out cell division; each centriole is a cylinder of 9 triplets of microtubules

Centrosome

animal and plant; where aerobic respiration takes place; breaks down food (glucose) into energy (ATP), called the powerhouse of the cell

Mitochondrion

plant; where photosynthesis takes place; uses light to make glucose from water and carbon dioxide, makes oxygen

Chloroplast

plant; a fluid-filled sac to store food, water and waste; *animal cells sometimes can form a temporary vacuole, but they are a large and permanent organelle in plant cells

Vacuole

animal and plant; digestive enzymes inside help it break down polymers into monomers, sometimes for recycling to use them again

Lysosome

animal and plant; "cell goo," gel-like substance that fills a cell and holds/supports the cell's organelles

Cytoplasm

prokaryote; tail stuck to some prokaryotes to help them move

Flagellum

A flexible barrier that controls what goes in and out of a cell, composed of phospholipids and various proteins.

Cell Membrane

phospholipids as outside layers of the bilayer membrane structure

Hydrophilic

make up the middle of the bilayer

Hydrophobic

can be used to recognize the cell

Glycoprotein

embedded within the membrane

Integral protein

crosses from one side of the membrane to the other, through the hydrophobic middle

Transmembrane protein

transmembrane with a receptor at each end to transmit signals to/from the cell

Receptor protein

allows smaller polar molecules to travel through

Channel protein

"swallows" bigger molecules to allow them through

Carrier protein

regulates fluidity

Cholesterol

The movement of molecules across the cell membrane that requires energy.

Active Transport

4 main functions of cell membrane

transport, cell adhesion, cell recognition, cell signaling

move things in and out

transport

stick cells together (needed to form tissues)

cell adhesion

cell recognition

cell recognition

send messages with other cells

cell signaling

The process of the cell membrane surrounding a large molecule to form a temporary vesicle inside the cell.

Endocytosis

The process of a vesicle merging with the cell membrane to release a molecule outside the cell.

Exocytosis

The process of using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create glucose inside plant cells.

Photosynthesis

The process of breaking down glucose to create ATP (energy) in both autotrophs and heterotrophs.

Cellular Respiration

The process of breaking down glucose using oxygen to create a large amount of ATP.

Aerobic Respiration

The process of breaking down glucose without oxygen, producing less ATP than aerobic respiration.

Anaerobic Respiration

Alcohol produced through fermentation in the absence of oxygen, resulting in the breakdown of glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide.

Ethanol

Process of creating alcohol, such as ethanol, under anaerobic conditions (without oxygen).

Fermentation

Byproduct of lactic acid fermentation, which occurs when glucose is broken down without oxygen, leading to the production of lactic acid.

Lactic Acid

Method of respiration used by plants, but not animals, where glucose is broken down without oxygen to produce energy.

Anaerobic Respiration

Membrane within the chloroplast where sunlight is collected, and ATP synthase enzymes are located, facilitating the production of ATP and the release of oxygen through the process of photosynthesis.

Thylakoid Membrane

Occur in the stroma, the fluid within the chloroplast, where carbon dioxide is used to create glucose during photosynthesis.

Dark Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

Cells in plants responsible for transporting glucose throughout the plant.

Phloem Cells

Organelles in plants where glucose is converted into energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.

Mitochondria

Process by which plants convert sunlight into energy, primarily occurring in the leaves, where chlorophyll is concentrated.

Photosynthesis