External landmarks & Bones of the Skull

4

1. red - superciliary ridge

2. orange - frontal eminence

3. yellow - glabella

4. green - supraorbital margin

4

1. red - buccal fat pad

2. green - zygomatic bone

3. blue - zygomatic arch

4. black - TMJ

magenta

sternocleidomastoid muscle

4

1. red - angle

2. green - ramus

3. blue - body

4. black - mental protuberance

3

1. purple - adam’s apple

2. pink - thyroid gland

3. light green - larynx

4

1. red - palpebrae

2. green - medial canthi

3. blue - laeral canthi

4. purple - sclera

4

1. conjunctiva

2. cornea

3. eyelid

4. sclera

6

1. cornea

2. iris

3. pupil

4. anterior chamber

5. lens

6. sclera

5

1. red - tragus

2. yellow - auricle

3. green - anti-tragus

4. blue - lobule

5. purple - helix

5

1. green - nasion

2. yellow - root of the nose

3. purple - nasal septum

4. blue - ethmoid

5. orange - vomer

1

bridge of the nose

4

1. blue - apex

2. yellow - columella

3. green - naris

4. orange - ala(e)

Masseter muscle

functions of paranasal sinuses: 3

1. lighten the weight of the skull

2. resonate sound

3. provide mucous

significance of the maxillary sinus in dentistry

visible on radiographs

mandibular alveolar process

4

purple - coronoid process

red - condyle

orange - head of condyle

yellow - neck of condyle

lingula

genial tubercles

mandibular notch

mental/ incisive fossa

2

green - pterygoid fovea

yellow - coronoid notch

external oblique ridge

mental ridges

2

orange - internal oblique ridge

blue - mylohyoid ridge/line

3

yellow - sublingual fossa

blue - mylohyroid ridge

green - submandibular fossa

digastric fossae

3

green - mandibular foramen

blue - lingula

orange - mandibular canal

lingual foramen

2

blue - lingula

green - mylohyoid groove

2

purple - maxillary alveolar process

yellow - anterior nasal spine

5

blue - palatine processes

red - median palatine suture

orange - transverse suture

yellow - greater palatine foramen

green - incisive foramen

4

purple - orbit

blue - infraorbital groove

red - infraorbital canal

yellow - infraorbital foramen

maxillary sinus

2

blue - canine fossa

green - lateral fossa

3

red - supraorbital notch/foramen

blue - orbital process

pink - zygomatic process

2

purple - frontal sinuses

green - maxillary sinuses

3.5

temporal bone

green - squamous portion

blue - petrous/mastoid portion

red - tympanic portion

2

green - mastoid process

red - styloid process

2

pink - zygomatic bone

blue - zygomatic arch of the temporal bone

2

blue - mastoid notch

pink - stylomastoid foramen

3

blue - temporal fossa

green - temporal bone

purple - sphenoid bone

4

blue - petrotympanic fissure

pink - postglenoid process/tubercle

yellow - glenoid/articular fossae

green - glenoid/articular eminence

2

yellow - glenoid/articular fossa

green - glenoid/articular eminence

6

blue - lesser wing

orange - greater wing

red - body of sphenoid bone

bottom blue - lateral pterygoid plate

pink - pterygoid fossa

purple - medial pterygoid plate

2

orange - greater wing

blue - lesser wing

4

yellow - hamular process

purple - medial pterygoid plate

pink - pterygoid fossa

blue - lateral pterygoid plate

2

red - spine of sphenoid bone

green - styloid process of temporal bone

2.5

ethmoid bone

green - crista gali

orange - cribiform plate

7.5

ethmoid bone

red - inferior conchae

orange - middle conchae

yellow - perpendicular/ vertical plate

green - vomer

blue - nasal bones

purple - anterior nasal spine

pink - piriform aperture

2.5

palatine bone

blue - vertical plate

yellow - horizontal plate

2

green - greater palatine foramen

blue - lesser palatine foramen

3.5

zygomatic bone

blue - orbital process

red - maxillary process

green - temporal process

7.5

orbit of the eye

red - frontal bone

pink - maxillary bone

yellow - zygomatic bone

blue - sphenoid bone

orange - ethmoid bone

purple - lacrimal bone

green - palatine bone

infratemporal fossa

4

red - stylomastoid foramen

orange - carotid canal

yellow - foramen lacerum

green - jugular foramen

2

pink - maxillary foramen

yellow - mental foramen

osseous landmarks visible on x-rays: 15

• ramus

• mand/max alveolar processes

• mental/incisive fossa

• external oblique ridge

• mental ridges

• mylohyoid ridge

• mental foramen

• mand canal

• lingual foramen

• incisive foramen

• maxillary sinus

• canine/lateral fossa

• mastoid/styloid process

• hyoid bone

• pterygomaxillay fissure

osseous structures when palpating the face and head: 13

• glabella

• nasion

• supraorbital notch

• frontal eminence

• mastoid process

• styloid process

• zygomatic arch

• infraorbital foramen

• alveolar process

• mental protuberance

• body/ angle of mand

• condyle

• hyoid