nursing history & professional development

What was Florence Nightingale’s major nursing work during?

Crimean War.

What dates does the guide associate with the Crimean War?

1854–1856.

Where did Florence Nightingale establish a hospital during the Crimean War?

Scutari, Turkey.

What major reforms did Florence Nightingale implement?

Sanitation reforms.

According to the guide, Nightingale’s sanitation reforms decreased mortality from what to what?

42% → 2%.

Nightingale’s mortality reduction is most strongly associated with what intervention?

Sanitation reforms.

What type of data did Nightingale collect?

Morbidity/mortality data.

Nightingale’s collection of morbidity/mortality data helped establish the foundation for what?

Evidence-Based Practice (EBP).

What did Florence Nightingale publish in 1859?

Notes on Nursing.

What major nursing-education event occurred in 1860?

Nightingale established the first formal nurse-training school at St. Thomas’ Hospital, London.

Where was Nightingale’s first formal nurse-training school established?

St. Thomas’ Hospital, London.

What environmental factors did Nightingale emphasize?

Fresh air + Light + Warmth + Cleanliness + Quiet + Diet.

Which historical nurse should you associate with sanitation + data + EBP + formal nursing education?

Florence Nightingale.

Nightingale rapid recall?

Crimean War → Scutari → Sanitation → 42% to 2% mortality → Data/EBP → 1859 Notes on Nursing → 1860 training school.

Who was Mary Seacole?

A Jamaican nurse/businesswoman.

Mary Seacole had expertise in what diseases?

Cholera/tropical disease.

Was Mary Seacole accepted to work with Nightingale?

No.

What did Mary Seacole do after she was not accepted to work with Nightingale?

She independently traveled to Crimea.

What did Mary Seacole establish in Crimea?

The British Hotel.

Mary Seacole’s story illustrates what TWO broader historical issues?

Contributions of nurses of color + Racial barriers.

Which historical figure should you associate with Jamaica + cholera/tropical disease + British Hotel?

Mary Seacole.

Mary Seacole rapid recall?

Jamaican nurse/businesswoman → Cholera/tropical disease → Rejected from working with Nightingale → Traveled independently to Crimea → British Hotel → Nurses of color/racial barriers.

What was Dorothea Dix’s nursing role during the American Civil War?

Superintendent of women nurses for the Union Army.

What did Dorothea Dix establish for nurses?

Standards and training.

Superintendent of women nurses for Union Army = ?

Dorothea Dix.

Who was Susie King Taylor according to the guide?

A former slave who cared for Union soldiers and provided literacy teaching.

Who cared for Union soldiers and also provided literacy teaching?

Susie King Taylor.

Former slave + Union soldiers + literacy teaching = ?

Susie King Taylor.

What role does the guide associate with Clara Barton during the Civil War?

Nurse leader.

What major organization did Clara Barton later found?

American Red Cross.

Nurse leader → later founded American Red Cross = ?

Clara Barton.

What TWO major effects did the Civil War have on nursing?

Increased respect for nursing + Helped professionalization.

Did the Civil War contribute to nursing becoming more professionalized?

Yes.

Civil War people rapid recall?

Dix = Superintendent/standards; Taylor = Union soldiers/literacy; Barton = American Red Cross.

What happened in 1903 regarding nursing licensure?

International Council of Nurses supported nurse licensure.

Which organization supported nurse licensure in 1903?

International Council of Nurses.

What happened in 1923 regarding nurse licensure?

All 48 states had permissive licensure laws.

Were the 1923 licensure laws mandatory according to the guide?

No — permissive licensure laws.

What major licensure event occurred in 1947?

New York became the first state requiring mandatory licensure to practice nursing.

Which state was the first to require mandatory nursing licensure?

New York.

When did New York become the first state requiring mandatory licensure to practice nursing?

1947.

What happened in 1950 regarding nursing licensure/testing?

NLN introduced the nationwide State Board Test Pool Examination.

Which organization introduced the nationwide State Board Test Pool Examination?

NLN.

What is the major purpose of nursing licensure?

PUBLIC SAFETY through standardized education and competency assessment.

What key phrase should immediately come to mind when asked why nursing requires licensure?

PUBLIC SAFETY.

How does licensure promote public safety according to the guide?

Through standardized education + competency assessment.

Licensure timeline in order?

1903 ICN supports licensure → 1923 all 48 states permissive → 1947 NY mandatory → 1950 NLN State Board Test Pool Examination.

What happened to nursing demand during WWI?

It increased.

What TWO nursing-education initiatives are associated with WWI in the guide?

Army School of Nursing + Vassar Training Camp.

Increased nursing demand + Army School of Nursing + Vassar Training Camp = which historical period?

World War I.

Which nurses played a major role during the 1918 influenza pandemic according to the guide?

Red Cross nurses.

What THREE functions did Red Cross nurses perform during the 1918 influenza pandemic?

Public education + Home care + Hygiene.

What broader nursing role did the 1918 influenza pandemic demonstrate?

Nursing’s public-health role.

Public education + home care + hygiene during the 1918 influenza pandemic demonstrated what?

Nursing’s public-health role.

What happened to nurses in 1920?

Congress gave nurses military rank.

When did Congress give nurses military rank?

1920.

What THREE effects did the Great Depression have on nursing?

Private-duty nursing decreased + Hospital positions were cut + Graduate nurse unemployment.

What happened to private-duty nursing during the Great Depression?

It decreased.

What happened to hospital nursing positions during the Great Depression?

They were cut.

What employment problem affected graduate nurses during the Great Depression?

Unemployment.

What nursing area was strengthened by the 1935 Social Security Act?

Public-health/community nursing.

Which act should you associate with strengthening public-health/community nursing?

1935 Social Security Act.

What major nursing workforce problem occurred during WWII?

Massive nursing shortage.

What was created in 1943 in response to the WWII nursing shortage?

Cadet Nurse Corps — Bolton Act.

What did the 1943 Cadet Nurse Corps/Bolton Act provide?

Free nursing education in exchange for service commitment.

Free nursing education + service commitment = ?

1943 Cadet Nurse Corps — Bolton Act.

What happened under the 1946 Hill-Burton Act?

Federal funding for hospital construction/expansion → more nursing positions.

What did the Hill-Burton Act fund?

Hospital construction and expansion.

What effect did hospital construction/expansion under Hill-Burton have on nursing?

More nursing positions.

1946 + hospital construction/expansion + more nursing jobs = ?

Hill-Burton Act.

What happened to military nurses in 1947?

They received full commissioned officer status.

When did military nurses receive full commissioned officer status?

1947.

What happened regarding men and military nursing in 1954?

Men were officially permitted into military nursing corps.

When were men officially permitted into military nursing corps?

1954.

1918 influenza = what nursing contribution?

Red Cross nurses → public education, home care, hygiene → public-health role.

1920 = ?

Congress gave nurses military rank.

1935 = ?

Social Security Act → strengthened public-health/community nursing.

1943 = ?

Cadet Nurse Corps/Bolton Act → free education for service commitment.

1946 = ?

Hill-Burton Act → hospital construction/expansion → more nursing positions.

1947 military nursing = ?

Full commissioned officer status.

1954 military nursing = ?

Men officially permitted into military nursing corps.

What is an ADN program according to the guide?

2-year program; common entry pathway.

Which nursing-education pathway is described as a common 2-year entry pathway?

ADN.

What is a diploma nursing program?

Traditional hospital-based education; less common.

Which nursing education pathway is traditionally hospital-based?

Diploma.

What is a BSN program according to the guide?

A 4-year university program.

What FOUR areas does BSN education emphasize?

Nursing science + Research + Public health + Leadership.

Which entry-level nursing program emphasizes nursing science, research, public health, and leadership?

BSN.

Module 1 links higher proportions of BSN-prepared nurses with what?

Better patient outcomes.

What specific relationship between BSN-prepared nurses and mortality does the guide’s cited European study report?

Every 10% increase in BSN nurses → 7% reduction in mortality.

10% increase in BSN nurses = ?

7% reduction in mortality, according to the study cited in Module 1.

ADN vs. Diploma vs. BSN?

ADN = 2-year/common entry; Diploma = traditional hospital-based/less common; BSN = 4-year university with science, research, public health, leadership.

What are the FOUR APRN roles listed in the guide?

NP + CNS + CNM + CRNA.

What does NP stand for?

Nurse Practitioner.

What does CNS stand for?

Clinical Nurse Specialist.

What does CNM stand for?

Certified Nurse-Midwife.

What does CRNA stand for?

Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist.

NP, CNS, CNM, and CRNA are collectively what?

The four APRN roles listed in the guide.

What is a DNP according to the guide?

A practice doctorate.

What FOUR areas does the DNP emphasize?

Evidence-based practice + Quality improvement + Systems leadership + Translating research into practice.