Structure/Function of Cardiac System

What is the number one killed in the world

Cardiovascular disease

blunt rounded point of cone

apex

flat part at opposite end of cone

base

What cavity is the heart located in

thoracic cavity in mediastinum

the heart is located in between what 2 structures

sternum and vertebral column

During what action are you pressing the heart between the sternum and vertebral column

CPR

the cardiovascular system consists of what 2 components

heart (pump) and vessels

the distribution system distributes ______ to _____

blood, tissues

What 3 components are apart of regulation

autoregulation, neural, hormonal

ability of the organ to adjust its own blood flow

autoregulation

Nodes in the heart are independent of

nervous system

regulation of the cardiovascular system needs to be

tight

What organ affects blood pressure by controlling blood volume and activating hormones

kidneys

only veins with oxygenated blood

pulmonary veins

only arteries with deoxygenated blood

pulmonary arteries

blood to and from lungs, consists of artery and veins

pulmonary circuit

blood to tissues

systemic circuit

carries blood away from heart

arteries

carries blood toward the heart

veins

pressure is greater in _______ which forces blood into ____________

atrium, ventricles

capillary beds of all body tissues where gas exchange occurs

arteriols

A

Right atrium

B

Left atrium

C

Right Ventricle

D

left ventricle

E

pulmonary artery

F

aorta

what are the 2 AV valves

tricuspid and bicuspid

how many chambers of the heart are there

4

what side of the heart is the tricuspid on

right

what side of the heart is the bicuspid/mitral valve on

left

what is the right semilunar valve

pulmonary

what is the left semilunar valve

aortic

fluid filled sac, reduces friction and prevents over stretching of the heart

pericardium

What are the layers of the heart wall starting from the outside going in?

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

what is the heart design

3D hollow mass of muscle

What does the double pump refer to?

2 receiving chambers, 2 pumping chambers

the 2 receiving chambers of the heart are the

atria

the 2 pumping chambers of the heart are the

ventricles

What shapes the heart (gives it apex and bse shape)

fibrous skeleton

How is the heart located in the pericardium

suspended in fluid filled sac

how does depolarization occur in cardiac muscles

via ions in connexons which propagates AP

where ions flow in/out to peolarize membrane

connexon

connections that join cardiac muscle cells together so the heart can be one coordinated unit

intercalated discs

striated muscle connected by intercalated discs

myocardial cells

actin, myosin, and the troponin-tropomyosin complex lead to

power stroke for contraction

what will doctors look at to determine how hard the heart is working

myocardial oxygen consumption

what medication can decrease myocardial oxygen consumption

beta blockers

high myocardial oxygen consumption can indicate

high BP / heart failure

what is needed for power stroke to occur

calcium and ATP

_____ arise from base of aorta

arteries

_________ empties into the right atrium

venous blood

how does the heart get blood

coronary arteries

how does blood exit the heart

coronary veins

Coronary disease can cause a

lack of O2 to heart

angina pectoralis =

chest pain

angina pectoralis causes a temporary halt in

blood delivery which causes less O2 in heart

myocardial infarction =

heart attack

angina pectorlais can indicate

myocardial infarction

amitotic myocardium =

limited regeneration of cardiac muscle

scar tissue formed is

non-contractile

Severity of damage is determined by

amount of O2 depleted

less time O2 gone + less tissue damage =

faster recovery damage

the conduction pathway has no __________ influence

nervous system

SA node is a _________ cell

pacemaker

SA node depolarizes

atria

What slows signals to the ventricles

AV node

Why is the SA node excited without nervous system

because they are specialized cells

conduction pathway in order

SA node - AV node - Bundle of His, Bundle branches, Purkinje branches

What is the P wave

SA node depolarizing the atria

In the QRS complex the R wave is

depolarizing ventricles

What is the T wave

repolarizing ventricles

Na+ and Ca2+ influx causes more robust _____ contractions and increase ________ and ____signal rate

ventricle, SA node, AV node

K+ efflux can cause

a slower heart rate

_____ is faster than the _______

SA node, AV node

What tissues do not get tired

nonconnective

Conductive pathway: 1. Rapid depolarization due to ____ influx

Na+

Conductive pathway: 2. plateau due to ____ influx

Ca2+

Conductive pathway: 3. repolarization due to __________ channels

close of Ca2+

The plateau in the conductive pathway is also called

systole

the repolarization in conductive pathways is called

diastole

Relative refractory period can

be excited

absolute refractory period can

not be excited

What happens at the p wave

atrial depolarization

what happens at the q wave

atrial contraction

what happens at the R wave

ventricular depolarization

what happens at the s wave

ventrical contraction

what happens at the t wave

ventricular repolarization

What is the lub sound

turbulent blood flow as a result of close of AV valves (tricuspid/mitral)

the lub sound is the onset of

systole (contraction)

what is the dub sound

turbulent blood flow as a result of closure of aortic and pulmonary valves (semilunar valves)

the dub sound is the onset of

diastole ( relax)

The cardiac cycle consists of ________ and ________ of _____________

systole, diastole, both atria and both ventricles

What should happen in the cardiac cycle

should alternate between relax and contract

S1 -

turbulence of blood against closed AV valves

S2 -

turbulence of blood against closed SL valves

S3 -

turbulence of blood flow during ventricular filling

S4 -

turbulence of blood flow during atrial systole

what should you only hear in a good heart

S1 and S2

what is heard during murmurs

S3