Milady nail chapter 2

Abductor

Muscle that separates the fingers

abductor digiti minimi

Muscle that separates the toes.

abductor hallucis

A muscle that moves the great toe and helps maintain balance while walking and standing

Adductor

The muscle at the base of each finger that draws the fingers together

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A chemical energy used within cells for metabolism

adipose tissue

The technical term for fat; it gives smoothness and contour to the body

adrenal glands

Glands that control metabolic processes of the body, including fight or flight response

Anabolism

Constructive metabolism; the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.

Anatomy

The study of the human body structure that can be seen with the naked eye as well as what the body is made up of; the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts

anterior tibial artery

supplies blood to the lower leg muscles and to the muscles and skin on the top of the foot and adjacent sides of the first and second toes. This artery goes to the foot and becomes the dorsalis pedis artery

Aorta

The largest artery on the body. Carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries throughout the body

artery

Thickwalled muscular and flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood from heart to the capillaries.

atrium

One of 2 upper chambers of the heart, through which blood is pumped to the ventricles.

Automatic Nervous System (ANS)

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls inoluntary muscles and regulates the action of smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, and heart

belly

the front part of the human trunk below the ribs, containing the stomach and bowels.

Bicep

The muscle producing the contour of the front and inner side of upper arm. It lifts the forearm and flexes the elbow

blood

Nutritive fluid circulating through the circulatory system (heart and blood vessels) to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues and to remove carbon dioxide and waste from them.

Blood Vascular System

Group of structures (heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries) that distribute blood throughout the body.

Body system

A group of bodily organs acting together to preform one or more functions. The human body is composed of 11 body major body systems.

brain

part of the central nervous system contained within the cranium. The largest and most complex nerve tissue. Controls sensation, muscles, gland activity, and the power to think and feel emotions.

capillary

5A tiny blood vessel where substances are exchanged between the blood and the body cells.

cardiac muscle

Moves the heart. Only in heart

carpus

The wrist; a flexible joint composed of a group of 8 small irregular bones held together by ligaments.

Catabolism

The phase of metabolism in which larger, more complex molecules.

cell membrane

5A cell part that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substances to enter and leave the cell.

Cell

The basic unit of structure and function in living things

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Brain spinal cord spinal nerves cranial nerves

circulatory system

Also known as cardiovascular system or vascular system; The body system that controls the steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels.

common peroneal nerve

A division of the sciatic nerve that extends from behind the knee to wind around the head of the fibula to the front of the leg where it divides into two branches.

common peroneal nerve

A division of the sciatic nerve that extends from behind the knee to wind around the head of the fibula to the front of the leg where it divides into two branches.

connective tissue

fibrous tissue that binds together, protects, and supports the various parts of the body. Bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, fascia, fat

Cytoplasm

The part of the protoplasm that exists outside of the nucleus and inside the cell. The protoplasm surrounds the nucleus and is needed for growth, reproduction and self repair.

deep peroneal nerve

Also known as anterior tibial nerve; it extends down the front of the leg, behind the muscles. It supplies impulses to these muscles and also to the muscles and skin on the top of the foot and adjacent sides of the first and second toes.

Deltoid

Large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body.

Dendrites

treelike fibers projecting from a neuron, which receive information and orient it toward the neuron's cell body

deoxyribonuleic acid

An acid that determines our genetic makeup

Diaphragm

thin, muscular partition separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities

digestive enzymes

chemicals that change certain types of food into a soluble form that can be used by the body

digestive system

Mouth, stomach, intestines, and salivary and gastic glands that change food into nutrients and waste.

Digital nerve

Nerve that, with its branches, supplies the fingers and toes.

dorsal nerve

Also known as dorsal cutaneous nerve; a nerve that extends up from the toes and foot, just under the skin, supplying impulses to toes and foot, as well as the muscles and skin of the leg, where it becomes the superficial peroneal nerve.

dorsalis pedis artery

artery that supplies blood to the foot

endocrine glands

organs that produce (secrete) hormones

endocrine system

Group of specialized glands that affect the growth, development, sexual activities, and health of the entire body.

epithelial tissue

Protective covering on body surfaces, such as skin, mucous membranes, the tissue inside the mouth, the lining of the heart, digestive and respiratory organs, and the glands.

excretory system

removes waste from the body. Kidney, liver, skin, large intestine, lungs

Exhalation

the act of breathing out

exocrine glands

Glands that secrete substances outward through a duct

Extensor

muscle that straightens the wrist, hand, and fingers to form a straight line

extensor digitorum longus

Bends the foot up and extends the toes

Femur

A heavy, long bone that forms the leg above the knee

Fibula

The smaller of the two bones that form the leg below the knee.

Flexor

An extensor muscle of the wrist involved in flexing the wrist

Flexor Digiti Minimi

Muscle that moves the little toe.

Flexor digitorum brevis

A muscle that moves the less toes and helps balance

Gastrocnemius

The muscle that is attached to the lower rear surface of the heel and pulls the foot down

Gland

An organ that produces and releases chemicals either through ducts or into the bloodstream.

heart

Cone shaped organ that keeps the blood moving within the circulatory system

Hemoglobin

iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells

Histology

microscopic study of tissues

hormone

A secretion produced by one of the endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream of body fluid to another part of the body to stimulate a specific activity

Humerus

bone of the upper arm

Inhalation

The breathing in of air

integumentary system

The skin and its accessory organs, such as the oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair, and nails.

Interstitial fluids

Blood plasma found in the spaces between tissues

joint

Connection between two or more bones of the skeleton.

latissimus dorsi

Large, flat, triangular muscle covering the lower back.

Lungs

An organ of respiration. Spongy tissues composes of microscopic cells in which inhaled air is exchanged for carbon dioxide during one breathing cycle

Lymph

the clear fluid in the lymph spaces of the body. Carries waste and impurities away from cells.

lymph capillaries

Blind and tubes that are the origin of lymphatic vessels

Lymph nodes

Special structures found inside the lymphatic vessels that filter lymph.

Lymph vascular system

acts as an aid to the blood system and consists of the lymph, lymphatics, and lymph nodes

Lymphatic/Immune System

Body system that consists of lymph, lymph nodes, the thymus gland, the spleen, and lymph vessels. It carries waste and impurities away from the cells and protects the body from disease by developing immunities and destroying disease-causing microorganisms.

median nerve

The nerve with its branches that supplies the arm and hand

Metalbolism

the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.

Metalcarpus

Bones of the palm of the hand; parts of the hand containing 5 bones between the carpus and phalanges

Metatarsal

One of three subdivisions of the foot; long and slender bones, similar to the metacarpal bones of the hand. The other two subdivisions are the tarsal and phalanges.

Mitochondria

Organelles that take in nutrients, break them down and create energy for the cell

Mitosis

The reproduction of cells

mitral valve

valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; bicuspid valve

Motor nerve

efferent; carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands.

Muscular System

Body system that covers, shapes, and supports the skeleton tissue; contracts and moves various parts of the body.

muscle tissue

A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move.

Myology

Study of the nature, structure, function, and diseases of the muscles.

nerve

a whitish fiber or bundle of fibers that transmits impulses of sensation to the brain or spinal cord, and impulses from these to the muscles and organs.

nervous system

brain, spinal cord, nerves. Controls and coordinates all other systems

neurology

scientific study of the nervous system and its diseases

Neuron

A nerve cell; the primary structural unit of the nervous system

Nonstriated muscle

Also known as a smooth muscle; is involuntary and functions automatically, without conscious will. These muscles are found in the internal organs of the body, such as the digestive or respiratory systems.

Nucleoplasm

Fluid inside the nucleus

Nucleus

The dense, active protoplasm found in the center of the cell that plays an important part in cell production and metabolism

Onycholysis

A medical condition caused by physical separation of the nail plate from the nail bed.

Organ

A body structure that is composed of different kinds of tissues that work together.

Organelle

Small organ

Origin

attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction

Osteoarthritis

A joint disease

Osteology

The study of anatomy, structure and function of the bones

Ovary

a female reproductive organ in which ova or eggs are produced, present in humans and other vertebrates as a pair.

Pancreas

An organ that secretes enzyme producing cells responsible for digesting carbohydrates, proteins and fats

parathyroid gland

regulates calcium and phosphorus levels so that the nervous and muscular systems can function properly