Cells and Tissues - Anatomy

Cytology

study of cells

3 main parts of cells

membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

organelles

“little organs” within cell that preforms specific functions

Cell membrane

regulates what enters and leaves the cell and consists of phospholipids and embedded proteins.

Cytoplasm

Contains organelles except nucleus.

Mitochondria

Produces ATP through cellular respiration and is called the “powerhouse" of the cell.

Endoplasmic reticulum

transport system of the cell

Rough ER

Has ribosome on it; involved in protein synthesis and transport.

Smooth ER

Synthesizes lipids, stores calcium ions, and detoxifies drugs and poison

Free ribosome

synthesizes proteins used in the cell

Golgi apparatus

Modifies, packages, and delivers proteins

Lysosome

Contains digestive enzymes to break down waste material.

Centrosome (pair of centrioles)

helps organize microtubules during cell division (mitosis and meiosis)

Chromatin

DNA + Proteins; condenses into chromosomes during cell division.

Chromosomes

Carry genetic information in the form of genes.

Nucleus

directs cell activities and contains DNA; “brain" of the cell

Nucleolus

Synthesizes ribosomal RNA and assembles ribosomes

Nuclear Pores

Regulates movement of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm

Cytoskeleton Filaments

A network of protein filaments in the cytoplasm-provide structural support, shape, mechanical strength, cell movement and internal transport

Cilia

Move mucus or particles across the cell surface

Flagella

Enable cell movement in sperm cells

Villi

Increase surface area in the small intestine for nutrients absorption.

3 checkpoints of cell life cycles

Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

Interphase

growth phase

mitosis

nuclear division

cytokinesis

cell splits into 2 daughter cells

Cell death

by necrosis or apoptosis

necrosis

unprogrammed cell death

apoptosis

programed cell death

atrophy

less or no cell growth

hypertrophy

increase in size

hyperplasia

increase in number

Dysplasia

change to the size, shape, and organization of cells

neoplasia

change in cell structure

hypoxia

decrease in the amount of oxygen in the blood flow

anoxia

a lack of oxygen flow to cellular structure

Passive transport

when substances move across the cell membrane without the cell needing to expend energy

Active transport

when the cell uses energy to move substances across the cell membrane

Facilitated Diffusion

Moves molecule or ions across a cell membrane with the help membrane proteins

osmosis

natural movement of water through the membrane from low to high solute concentration.

Hypertonic

water moves out of the cell, causing it to shrink

Hypotonic

water moves into the cell, causing it to swell

Isotonic

water moves equally in and out, keeping the cell the same size

Exocytosis

things exit cell

Endocytosis

things enter cell

Histology

study of cell tissue

Tissue

a group of similar cells working together to preform common functions

epithelial tissue

greets/protects you; covers all body surfaces both inside and outside; attached to underlying connective tissue at the basement membrane

Connective tissue

supports you

muscle tissue

gets things done

nervous tissue

coordinating - keeps everything running smoothly

simple

single layer

squamous

flat

cuboidal

square

columnar

column (rectangle)

Pseudostratified

fake layers

transitional

ability to change; stretchable

histology

image evaluation

gland

one or more cells that secretes a particular product

endocrine gland

ductless-secrete product directly into blood or tissue

exocrine gland

empty through ducts to the epithelial surface

connective tissue

most abundant tissue in your body; binds structures together; provides support, protection, framework, fills space, stores fat, produces blood cells, fights infection

Collagen

found in bones, ligaments, tendons, stiff but flexible

Elastic

found in ears, vocal cords

Reticular

very thin; found in bone marrow

Fibronectin

found in blood plasma

Fibrin

insoluble fibrous protein, forms a network to trap cells and sealing blood vessel leak

Loose or Areolar CT

Loosely arranged network of fibers and cells with abundant ground substance.

Adipose Tissue (Fat)

insulation to preserve body heat and stores energy.

Dense-Fibrous CT

Densely packed collagen fibers with few cells

Dense Regular CT

stabilize and support organs

Dense Irregular CT

skin, arterial walls

Elastic dense CT

packed elastic fibers with very little ground substance

Bone Tissue (Osseous)

Densely packed collagen fibers with few cells

Cartilage

firm, flexible connective tissue.

Hyaline Cartilage- Avascular

covers ends of joints, nose and respiratory passages, serves as padding

Hyaline cartilage

providing smooth surfaces for joint movement and structural support

Elastic cartilage

a highly flexible type of connective tissue that can bend repeatedly and return to its original shape

Fibrocartilage

tough, shock absorbing

blood tissue

fluid connective tissue; RBC, WBC, Platelets

Nerve Tissue

Consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves and Carry electrical signals

Neurons

receive, transmit, and process signals

Neuroglia

which support, protect, and nourish neurons

Smooth

involuntary, slow squeeze

Cardiac

involuntary, rhythmic pump

Skeletal

voluntary, fast movement

Areolar (Loose connective tissue)

Loose collagen and elastic fibers

Adipose (Loose connective tissue)

Large fat-filled cells

Reticular (Loose connective tissue)

Network of reticular fibers

Regular (Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue)

Parallel collagen fibers

Irregular (Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue)

Randomly arranged collagen fibers

Bone

hard, mineralized matrix

Hyaline cartilage

Smooth, glassy matrix

Fibrocartilage

Dense collagen bundles

Elastic cartilage

Abundant elastic fibers

Plasma (blood)

Liquid extracellular matrix

Erythrocytes (blood)

Biconcave, nucleus-free cells

Leukocytes (blood)

Nucleated immune cells

Thrombocytes (blood)

Small cell fragments

Areolar