Chapter Eleven

albumin/o

albumin, protein

blast/o

germ, bud, developing cell

glomerul/o

little ball, glomerulus

gluc/o

glucose, sugar

glyc/o, glycos/o

sweet, sugar

meat/o

opening, passage

nephro/o

kidney

pyel/o

renal pelvis

ureter/o

ureter

urethr/o

urethra

ur/o, urin/o

urine

azot/o

urea, nitrogen

ket/o keton/o

ketone

noct/o

night

protein/o

protein

py/o

pus

hydr/o

water, fluid

lith/o

stone

nephr/o

kidney

ren/o

kidney

spadias/o

rip, tear

sten/o

narrow

ur/o

urine

son/o

sound

tom/o

to cut

vesic/o

bladder

mucous membrane

Membrane that secretes mucus that lubricates the surface of organs and keeps them moist.

urology

study of the urinary system

nephrology

study of the structure, function, and diseases of the kidneys

urologist

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males

urinalysis (UA)

the examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements

albuminuria

protein (albumin) in the urine

anuria

absence of urine production

azotemia

(excessive) urea and nitrogenous substances in the blood

bacteriuria

presence of bacteria in the urine

diuresis

increased output of urine

dysuria

painful or difficult urination

glycosuria

presence of glucose in the urine

hematuria

presence of blood in the urine

ketonuria

presence of ketone bodies in the urine

nocturia

excessive urination during the night

oliguria

Decreased urine output

polyuria

excessive production of urine

proteinuria

the presence of an abnormal amount of protein in the urine

pyuria

presence of white cells in the urine, usually indicating infection

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

rapid loss of renal function due to damage to the kidneys; formerly called acute renal failure

cystitis

inflammation of the urinary bladder

cystocele

hernia of the urinary bladder

cystolith

a stone located within the urinary bladder

end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) / renal failure

final stage of chronic kidney disease that results in retention of uremic waste products and the need for renal replacement therapies; also called chronic renal failure

enuresis

involuntary discharge of urine

nocturnal

occurring at night

epispadias

congenital defect in which the urinary meatus is located on the upper surface of the penis

hypospadias

abnormal congenital opening of the male urethra on the undersurface of the penis

glomerulonephritis

inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney

hydronephrosis

the dilation (swelling) of one or both kidneys

incontinence

inability to control bladder and/or bowels

nephritis

inflammation of the kidney

Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor)

tumor originating from kidney tissue that includes developing embryonic cells

nephrolithiasis

presence of stones in the kidney

renal calculi

kidney stones

nephroma

a general term for a tumor arising from kidney tissue

nephromegaly

abnormal enlargement of a kidney

nephropathy

disease of the kidney

nephroptosis

downward displacement of a kidney

polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys

pyelitis

an inflammation of the renal pelvis

pyelonephritis

inflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney

urethral strictures

-Fibrotic narrowing of the urethra caused by scarring

-Commonly a result of trauma or untreated or severe urethral infections

ureterovesical stricture

a stricture, or narrowing, of the junction of the ureter and bladder

uremia

presence of urinary waste in the blood

ureteritis

inflammation of a ureter due to bacterial infection

ureterocele

herniation of the ureter

ureterolithiasis

presence of stones in a ureter

urinary retention

abnormal accumulation of urine in the bladder because of an inability to urinate

urinary tract infection (UTI)

invasion of pathogenic organisms (commonly bacteria) in the urinary tract, especially the urethra and bladder; symptoms include dysuria, urinary frequency, and malaise

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

blood test that measures the amount of urea in the blood

Creatinine

nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine

cystectomy

the surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder

cystogram

radiographic image of the bladder

cystourethrography

radiographic imaging of the bladder and the urethra

cystourethrogram

The x-ray image produced by cystourethrography

voiding

another term for urination

cystolithotomy

a procedure in which an incision is made through the urinary bladder wall to remove a stone

cystoplasty

surgical repair of the urinary bladder

cystorrhaphy

suturing of the urinary bladder

cystoscopy

the visual examination of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope

cystostomy

surgical creation of an artificial opening into the urinary bladder

cystotomy

incision into the urinary bladder

fulguration

destruction of tissue by electric sparks generated by a high-frequency current

hemodialysis (HD)

treatment for renal failure using artificial kidney machine to filter waste from blood

lithotripsy

urinary tract stones are crushed

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

breakdown of kidney stones using sound waves generated outside the body

nephrectomy

surgical removal of a kidney

nephrogram

radiographic image of the kidney

nephropexy

surgical fixation of a floating kidney

nephrolysis

the surgical freeing of a kidney from adhesions

nephroscopy

visual examination of kidney nephrons

nephrosonography

process of recording the kidney using sound (ultrasonography)

nephrostomy

the establishment of an opening from the pelvis of the kidney to the exterior of the body