11/6 - Other Organ System Toxicities

Selenium

What element can cause muscle necrosis in lambs?

Oxytetracycline

Unbuffered injectable what antibiotic, as well as iron dextran, acids, alkalis, and alcohol, can cause muscle damage after injection? This can be due to the injected drug, vehicle, or pressure within the injection site.

Ionophores

What drugs can cause changes in iron transport, affecting mitochondrial calcium and oxidative phosphorylation and causing necrosis?

Myotonia

What condition is caused by the herbicide 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in dogs? It decreases glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and membrane function.

Halothane

Which inhalant anesthetic causes malignant hyperthermia in pigs by reducing the uptake of calcium by the SR and decreasing ATP reserves?

Doxorubicin

Which antibiotic can cause cytoplasmic vacuolation and swelling of the SR?

Parathyroid

Which hormone releasees calcium from bones into the bloodstream, increasing calcium absorption from the gut, and decreasing renal calcium levels?

Calcitonin

Which hormone inhibits osteoclasts, decreases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate, and increases renal excretion of calcium?

A

A toxicity of which vitamin causes reduction of the cartilage matrix and chondromalacia?

Cadmium

Which heavy metal inhibits chondroitin sulfate synthesis and collagen synthesis? It impairs vitamin D3 synthesis following renal tubular epithelium damage. It also causes pneumonia, testicular necrosis, estrogen-like effects, proteinuria, kidney stones, glomerular/tubular damage, and itai-itai disease.

Phosphorus

Excess dietary what element will stimulate parathormone secretion and cause fibrous osteodystrophy?

D3

An excess of which vitamin can cause excess calcium absorption and mineralization of soft tissues? This can occur due to calciferol rodenticides, feed additives, or plants like S. malacoxylon.

Strychnine

What poison can be found in rodenticides and S. nuxcomica plants? It is a spinal cord stimulant and competitively/reversibly antagonizes glycine receptors for post-synaptic inhibition, enhancing reflexes. It also causes tetanic convulsions and contraction of extensors/flexors, making the back arched and limbs stiff as the extensors are more powerful muscles. There will be periods of fatigue between seizures and death occurs from asphyxia due to diaphragm contraction. Signs include nervousness, panting, extensor rigidity, intermittent convulsions, respiratory paralysis, and myoglobinuria. Treatment is by inducing emesis, gastric lavage, anticonvulsants, centrally-acting muscle relaxants, and myoglobinuria.

Bleach

What common household chemical contains 3-16% hypochlorite, which is corrosive and is unstable in acid, forming hypochlorous acid and chlorine? It is used as laundry bleaches and disinfectants. Powdered forms are more toxic than liquid and contain TCIC, which has a slow release of chlorine. Inhalation causes bronchospasm and pulmonary edema, and powdered forms also contain sodium perborate and sodium peroxide, which decomposes to peroxide and boric acid. Signs include chlorine odor, ptyalism, emesis, colic, abdomen tenderness, hematemesis, and pharyngeal edema. Treatment is with milk of magnesia and demulcents.

Biphenyls

Polychlorinated what chemicals are found in lubricants, plasticizers, flame retardants, coatings, insulations, and silo seals? Signs include pulmonary edema in birds, depressed growth rate, pustular dermatitis/pigmentation, lacrimation, conjunctivitis, jaundice, immunosuppression, and submucosal/muscular hemorrhage, hepatocellular fatty change, myocarditis, endocarditis, and colitis. Diagnosis depends on residue detection and there is no specific treatment.

Spermatogenesis

Gossypol, locoweeds, chlorinated naphthalenes, and anti-neoplastic agents cause toxicity with what component of the male reproductive system?

EED

Ammonia, locoweeds, estrogens, and lead cause what female reproductive loss problem (abbreviated)?

Estrogen

Compounds containing what hormone can be found in clovers, locoweeds, and certain mycotoxins? These can affect oogenesis and ovulation.

Agalactia

Fescue toxicity and ergot alkaloids can cause what female reproductive/mammary condition?

Abortion

Lupines, locoweeds, corticosteroids, prostaglandins, lead, nitrate/nitrite, fumonisins, zearalenone, sumpweed, carbone monoxide, selenium, and dicoumarol can cause what female reproductive loss condition?