Human Nutrition Spotlight A Diabetes

type 2 diabetes is a global _

pandemic

diabetes

characterized by the body’s inability to properly regulate blood glucose concentrations, two types (1 and 2) that both result in an overload of glucose in the blood causing vascular damage

type 1 diabetes

an autoimmune condition, occurs when the pancreas does not -reduce enough of the hormone insulin (required for blood sugar control)

type 2 diabetes

occurs when specific tissues become resistant to the effects of insulin

what is the main reason type 2 diabetes in rising in populations

obesity

90% of people with diabetes have _

type 2

hyperglycemia

higher than normal blood glucose levels (fasting plasma glucose > or equal to 100mg/dl)

ketone bodies

compounds synthesized from fatty acids by the liver when insulin levels are low, with type 1 diabetes it happens too much and can cause ketoacidosis

ketoacidosis

the formation of excess ketone bodies from fatty acids when there is an absence of insulin

difference between type 1 and 2 diagnosis times

type 1 is typically diagnosed in children/young adults, type 2 is typically diagnoses in adults

some risks for type 2 diabetes

OBESITY, genetics, lack of physical movement, ethnicity (more prevalent in non-white americans), epigenetics

epigenetic risks for type 2 diabetes

parents that smoke/drink, hypertension, stress, poor eating habits, famine, poor maternal health while in the womb

insulin resistance

beginning of type 2 diabetes, cells have a decreased sensitivity to insulin resulting in impaired glucose uptake from blood, increases blood glucose levels, and further insulin release from the pancreas

prediabetes

a condition in which blood glucose levels are moderately elevated above levels that are considered normal of desirable

does prediabetes always lead to diabetes

NO - improvement in lifestyle, diet, weight, activity, etc can normalize blood glucose levels and prevent/delay type 2 diabetes

oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)

test used to diagnose prediabetes and diabetes, measures body’s response to glucose in the bloodstream

gestational diabetes

a condition of pregnancy-induced elevated blood glucose levels, can effect both mom and baby later in life (higher chance of type 2 diabetes)

do people with type 2 diabetes require insulin injections

typically not, many can be manageable by lifestyle changes

what kind of starch can help improve insulin sensitivity

resistant starches - cannot be broken down and make one feel full longer (good thing)

what increases blood sugar levels faster - starches or sucrose/fructose/lactose

starches because the 3 sugars must be converted first into glucose in order to be absorbed into the bloodstream but a lot of starch is quickly broken down (ex: potatoes and cereal)

glycemic index (GI)

ranks food by how quickly and to what degree they raise blood glucose levels, compared to glucose which has a GI of 100

glycemic load (GL)

calculates the effect of the actual serving side of food on blood glucose, more useful than GI

carbohydrate counting

meal planning technique that can help manage blood glucose levels according to an individuals life (activity levels, weight, intake, etc)

hypoglycemia

blood glucose levels drop too low (<70mg/100ml of blood), symptoms can be irritability, headache, hunger, fatigue. sweating, rapid heartbeat, etc

fasting hypoglycemia

occurs when people have not eaten, drunk too much alcohol, or have underlying conditions/tumors

reactive hypoglycemia

symptoms occur when one eats large amounts of carbs causing a huge release of insulin and rapid drop in blood glucose, increases repossession to this the adrenal glands produce epinephrine