Evidenced Based Practice Exam 1

Systematic Review

A structured, comprehensive synthesis of the research literature to determine the best research evidence available to address a healthcare question.

Rigor

When a study is well controls and the rules of study are followed very closely.

Nursing Research

A scientific process that validates existing knowledge and generates new knowledge related to nursing.

Qualitative

A systematic, interactive, subjective research approach to describe cultures and life experiences of people involved.

Quantitative

A research approach using a formal, objective, systematic process to describe variables, relationships, or suggest causality.

Outcome Research

An important scientific method that is used to examine results of patient care.

Evidenced Based Practice

A problem solving approach to clinical practice that integrates the use of best evidence, clinical expertise, and patient preference/values to make decisions about the type of care that is provided.

1. Focused clinical question

2. Find the best evidence for that question

3. Critically appraise the evidence

4. Apply evidence to practice

5. Evaluate outcomes

What are the five steps involved in evidenced based practice?

Traditions

Includes truths or beliefs based on customs and habits.

Deductive Reasoning

Moves from the general to the specific or from a general premise to a particular situation or conclusion.

Meta-synthesis

The systematic compilation and integration of qualitative study results to expand understanding and develop a unique interpretation of study findings in a selected area.

Dependent Variable

The outcome of an independent variable in a study.

Beneficence

Obliges researchers to protect persons from harm by maximizing the researcher's anticipated benefits and minimizing its possible risks.

Coersion

Forcing someone to be in a study.

Inductive Reasoning

Reasoning from the specific to the general, such as, reasoning from the symptom to a nursing diagnosis of acute pain.

Trial and Error

An approach with unknown outcomes that is used in situations of uncertainty when other knowledge sources are unavailable.

Role Modeling

Learning by imitating the behaviors of an expert.

Mixed Methods

An approach to inquiry that combines quantitative and qualitative in a study.

QSEN

A professional nursing initiative that identified needed knowledge, skills, and attitudes by pre-licensure nurses.

Deductive Reasoning

Reasoning from general to specific or from a general premise to a situation.

Case Study

An in-depth analysis and systematic description of a single patient experience of a phenomenon.

17 years

Approximately how long does is take for research to translate into practice?

1. Best evidence available

2. Clinical expertise

3. Patient values and preferences

What are the three components of evidenced based practice?

Clinical Questions

Identify the need for clinical innovation and assess the level of evidence.

Patient population

Intervention of treatment

Compared to

Outcome of interest

Timeframe (optional)

What does each letter of a PICO(T) question stand for?

Quality Improvement

Frameworks used to evaluate and improve processes and structures.

Quality and Safety Education for Nurses

What does QSEN stand for?

QSEN

Identifies the requisite knowledge, skills, and attitude statements for each of the competencies for nurses and recommended strategies for incorporating the competencies into nursing education.

Research

A diligent systematic inquiry or study that validates and refines existing knowledge and develops new knowledge.

Best Research Evidence

The empirical knowledge generated from the syntheses of quality health studies to address a clinical problem.

Clinical Expertise

The knowledge and skills of the healthcare professional providing care.

Patient Circumstances

The individuals physical condition, disease trajectory, family structure, economic resources, and education level.

Florence Nightingale

Who was recognized as the first nurse researcher?

Patient centered care

Teamwork and collaboration

Evidenced-based practice

Quality improvement

Safety

Informatics

What are the competencies required for healthcare professionals to provide high-quality care?

Knowledge

Essential information that is acquired in a variety of ways, is expected to be an accurate reflection of reality, and can potentially be used to direct a person's actions.

Authority

A person with expertise and power who is able to influence opinion and behavior.

Borrowing

Appropriating and using knowledge from other fields or disciplines to guide nursing practice.

Personal Experience

Involves gaining knowledge by being involved in an event, situation, or circumstance.

Intuition

An insight into or understanding of a situation or event as a whole that a person usually cannot explain logically.

Professional Practice

Providing knowledgeable, skillful, and holistic care to patients, families, and communities as part of a healthcare team.

Reasoning

The processing and organizing of ideas to reach conclusions.

Logical Reasoning

A defined process of thinking to draw conclusions.

Inductive Reasoning

Moves from the specific to the general, particular instances are observed and then combined into a larger whole or a general statement.

Description

Involves identifying and understanding the nature of nursing phenomena and, sometimes, the relationships among them.

Explanation

Clarifies the relationships among phenomena and identifies possible reasons why certain events occur.

Prediction

Way in which one can estimate the probability of a specific outcome in a given situation.

Scales

Questionnaires

Physiological measures

What methods are measurement are commonly used in quantitative research?

Qualitative

- Knowing relating to meaning, discovery, and understanding

- Data comes in the form of words

Quantitative

- Knowing relating to cause and effect relationships

- Data comes in the form of numbers

What are the main differences between qualitative and quantitative research?

1. Phenomenological

2. Grounded theory

3. Ethnographic

4. Exploratory-descriptive

What are the four types of qualitative research?

Phenomenological Research

An inductive holistic approach used to describe an experience as it is lived by individuals, such as the lived experience of adopting a child.

Grounded Theory

An inductive research technique used to formulate, test, and refine a theory about a phenomenon.

Ethnographic Research

Investigates culture through an in-depth study among the members of the culture.

Exploratory-descriptive Research

Conducted to address an issue or problem in need of a solution and/or understanding.

Mixed Methods Research

An approach to addressing a research question that combines both quantitative and qualitative research methods in a single study.

Outcomes Research

Focuses on examining the results of care and determining the changes in health status for the patient and family.

Qualitative Research Synthesis

The process and product of systematically reviewing and formally integrating the findings from qualitative studies.

Research Synthesis

A review, evaluation, integration, and summation of findings of a variety of study designs.

7

How many levels of research evidence are there?

1. Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2. Randomized controlled trial or experimental study

3. Quasi-experimental study

4. Descriptive correlational, predictive correlational, and cohort studies

5. Mixed methods systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis

6. Descriptive study and qualitative study

7. Opinions of expert committees and authorities

What are the seven levels of research evidence?

Evidenced-based Guidelines

Clinical guidelines that have been developed based on the best research evidence available in that area.

1. Develop the clinical question

2. Retrieve evidence

3. Appraise the evidence

4. Apply the evidence

What are the four major steps in evidenced based practice?

Background Questions

Questions that are broad and commonly addressed in textbooks that typically begin with what or when. The answers to these questions enhance general knowledge.

Foreground Questions

Questions that are specific to clinical issues and provide evidence for clinical decisions to be made when answered. The PICOT system would be used to address this type of question.

Background

Would the following question be considered a background or foreground question?

"What are the core symptoms of delirium?"

Would the following question be considered a background or foreground question?

"What is the effectiveness of the addition of music therapy versus standard care alone on the development of delirium in older adults following major surgery?"

Foreground

Intervention Questions

Prognosis/Prediction Questions

Etiology Questions

Meaning Questions

What are the types of foreground questions?

Quantitative Questions

Questions that use numbers to describe and analyze and are useful for finding precise answered to defined questions.

Qualitative Questions

Questions that focus on experiences and meanings and will use words to describe and analyze.

1. Descriptive

2. Correlational

3. Quai-experimental

4. Experimental

What are the four types of quantitative research?

Descriptive Research

Research that involves exploration and description of phenomena in real-life situations. Helps to identify relationships.

Correlational Research

Research that looks at the relationships between two or more variables and will determine the type and strength of the relationship.

Quasi-experimental Research

Research that examines cause and effect relationships. The researcher can not control everything in the study.

Experimental uses control groups and manipulates an independent variable.

What are the main differences between quasi-experimental and experimental research?

Figuring out things that are happening and either preventing them from happening more or making it happen more often.

What is the purpose of experimental research?

1. Experimental

2. Quasi-experimental

3. Correlational

4. Descriptive

Rank these types of research from the ability to control the most (1) to the ability to control the least (4).

Correlational

Experimental

Descriptive

Quasi-experimental

Sampling

Selecting subjects who represent the population that we want to study.

Random sampling means everyone has an equal chance of being picked whereas convenience sampling uses whoever is available.

What is the difference between random sampling and convenience sampling?

Population

Individuals as a whole that you want to study.

Target Population

The entire group that meets the sampling criteria.

Accessible Population

Those available to the researcher.

Sample

The actual participants in the study who meet the criteria.

Theoretical Framework

The abstract, theoretical basis for a study that enables the researcher to link the findings to nursing's body of knowledge.

Variables

Concepts that are measures, manipulated, or controlled in a study.

Reliability

Consistency of the took is known as what?

Validity

When a study measures what it is supposed to measure this is known as what?

1. Observation

2. Interviews

3. Questionnaires

4. Scales

What are the four most common ways that researchers gather information in a study?

Data Analysis

Reducing, organizing, and giving meaning to data by using spss or sas or running statistical tests.

Limitations

Restrictions in a study that may decrease the credibility and generalizability of the findings.

Experimental

Type of quantitative research in which the researcher controls the independent variable by randomly assigning partipants to different groups, treat, or conditions and is the most powerful design.

Quasi-experimental

Type of quantitative research in which there is manipulation of the independent variable, but does not have a control group, or does not have random assignment.

Non-experimental

Type of quantitative research in which there is no manipulation of the independent variable, and there is no control group of random assignment.

Prospective

Type of data that starts with an examination of the presumed causes and then goes forward in time to observe the effect.

Retrospective

Type of data that starts with outcome in the present and looks for a cause.

Cross sectional

Type of data that involves collecting data at one point in time.

Longitudinal

Type of data that involves collecting data at more than one point in time.

Internal Validity

The degree to which it can be inferred that an intervention caused the observed effect on the outcome.

External Validity

The extent to which findings hold true across contexts.

Content Validity

The degree to which a multi-item instrument has the relevant items reflecting the full content of the construct being measured.

Criterion Validity

The extent to which scores on a measure are an accurate reflection of the criterion.

Construct Validity

The type of validity that determines whether the instrument measures what it is intended to measure.