Abdominal Wall, Peritoneal Cavity, and Gastrointestinal Tract Ultrasound

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering abdominal wall ultrasound, peritoneal and retroperitoneal spaces, gastrointestinal anatomy and histology, sonographic gut signatures, and adrenal vascular anatomy.

Abdominal Wall Ultrasound Indications (3)

hernias, soft tissue masses (such as lipomas), and hematomas.

Ultrasound-Guided Nerve Block, ultrasound is used to, into, to inject, for patients who (3)?

ultrasound is used to guide a needle into a fascial plane to inject numbing medication for patients who cannot undergo full anesthesia, need post-surgical pain control, or have broken ribs.

Quadratus Lumborum Muscle is what kind of muscle, situated (2), connecting the, to the?

A posterior abdominal wall muscle situated deep and lateral to the spine and lateral/posterior to the kidneys, connecting the iliac crest to the lumbar vertebrae and ribs.

Psoas Muscle located, connects the, to the, merges with the, to form the, serves as an?

located medial and posterior to the kidney that connects the spine to the femur, merges with the iliacus to form the iliopsoas, and serves as an important anatomical landmark for locating the appendix.

Rectus Sheath formed by, of the (2)?

formed by the aponeuroses of the transversus abdominis, internal oblique, and external oblique muscles.

Linea Alba is what kind of band (2), located, that separates the?

A strong, midline fibrous band of the anterior abdominal wall that separates the rectus abdominis muscles.

Subphrenic Spaces is what, located, divided into, prevented from, by the (2)?

Potential peritoneal spaces located inferior to the diaphragm, divided into right and left spaces that are prevented from communicating by the falciform ligament and the bare area of the liver.

Morrison's Pouch also known as, the potential space located between (2)?

Also known as the right posterior hepatic space; the potential space located between the right lobe of the liver and the right kidney.

Space of Retzius also known as the, the potential space located between (2)?

Also known as the retropubic space; the potential space located between the pubic bone and the urinary bladder.

Lesser Sac is peritoneal or retroperitoneal, situated between, noted as a common site for?

The peritoneal space situated between the stomach and the pancreas, noted as a common site for pancreatic pseudocysts.

Paracolic Gutters are what, that run alongside the (2)?

Two peritoneal troughs or pathways that run alongside the lateral margins of the ascending and descending colon.

Pouch of Douglas also called (2), the peritoneal space between the, where what commonly collects?

Also called the rectouterine pouch or posterior cul-de-sac in females; the peritoneal space between the uterus and the rectum where fluid commonly collects.

Vesicouterine Pouch also known as the, is it peritoneal or retroperitoneal, located between the?

Also known as the anterior cul-de-sac in females; the potential peritoneal space located between the urinary bladder and the uterus.

Subcapsular Fluid located directly within an, underneath its, that conforms to and retains the?

Fluid located directly within an organ underneath its fibrous capsule that conforms to and retains the organ's contour.

Diaphragmatic Crura connecting the, to the, best seen in, providing something for the diaphragm to, helps with?

connecting the lumbar vertebrae ($L3$ on the right and $L1$ on the left) to the diaphragm, best seen in a longitudinal plane, providing something for the diaphragm to pull against (helps with breathing)

Ascitesn is what, of, with in what cavity, sonographically appearing as, surrounding floating?

Abnormal accumulation of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity, sonographically appearing as anechoic fluid surrounding floating bowel loops.

Pleural Effusion is what, located, within the, often displaying, within the?

Fluid accumulation located superior to the diaphragm within the pleural space, often displaying consolidated lung tissue within the fluid.

Parietal Cells are what cells, that secrete, to increase, in the?

Gastric cells that secrete hydrochloric acid ($\text{HCl}$) to increase acid levels in the stomach.

Chief Cells are what cells, that produce, to increase, in the?

Gastric cells that produce pepsinogen to increase protease levels in the stomach.

G Cells are what cells, of the, that secrete, to increase?

Endocrine cells of the stomach that secrete gastrin to increase gastric acid secretion.

D Cells are cells of the, that produce, to decrease?

Cells of the stomach that produce somatostatin to decrease gastric acid production.

Goblet Cells are specialized cells that secrete, to protect the?

Specialized cells that secrete mucus to protect the lining of the stomach.

McBurney's Point is the, marking the (2)?

The standard anatomical landmark marking the junction of the ileum and the cecum.

Esophageal Varices are what, that arise from the, travel toward the, and surround the, carrying a risk of, that leads to?

Dilated blood vessels that arise from the liver, travel toward the gastroesophageal junction, and surround the esophagus, carrying a risk of rupture that leads to hematemesis.

Portal Vein Confluence is what, formed by the union of (3), which directs blood into the?

The venous structure formed by the union of the superior mesenteric vein, inferior mesenteric vein, and splenic vein, which directs blood into the liver.

GI Bleeding Stool Indications, dark stools indicate (2), bright red stool indicates (such as), pales stool indicates?

dark stool indicates old blood or an upper GI bleed, bright red stool indicates a lower GI bleed (such as from diverticulosis), and pale stool indicates a bile blockage.

Esophagus Ultrasound Appearance what kind of shape, located characterized monographically by (2)?

A target-like structure located posterior to the thyroid gland, characterized sonographically by a hypoechoic outer wall with a hyperechoic central portion.

Pyloric Stenosis evaluated in what type of ultrasound, where a , prevents the, causing a, normal pylorus measures, normal muscle thickness in cm and mm?

evaluated in pediatric ultrasound where a thickened pylorus muscle prevents the pyloric canal from opening, causing gastric backup; normal pylorus measures $3\,\text{cm}$ with normal muscle thickness of $1.4\,\text{ cm}$ (or $14\,\text{mm}$).

Gut Wall Sonographic Layers (5) with echogenicities?

superficial mucosa (echogenic), mucosa (hypoechoic), submucosa (hyperechoic), muscularis (hypoechoic), and serosa (hyperechoic).

Normal Appendix Ultrasound Criteria measures what in diameter, that is, lacks surrounding, or what?

measuring less than $6\,\text{mm}$ in diameter that is compressible and lacks surrounding fluid or hyperechoic/echogenic inflammatory fat.

Peritoneal Cavity Membranes 2 layes, first one lines what, other one covers what?

parietal layer (which lines the abdominal wall) and the visceral layer (which covers the intraperitoneal organs).

Anterior Pararenal Space is a reptroperitnal or peritoneal compartment, contains the (3)?

A retroperitoneal compartment containing the ascending colon, descending colon, and the pancreas.

Perirenal Space is w retroperitoneal or peritoneal compartment, contains (4)?

A retroperitoneal compartment containing both kidneys, the ureters, the inferior vena cava (IVC), and the abdominal aorta.

Posterior Pararenal Space is a retroperitoneal or peritoneal compartment, contains?

A retroperitoneal compartment that contains no organs.

Retrofascial Space is anterior or posterior, retroperitoneal or peritoneal region, that houses the (2)?

A posterior retroperitoneal region that houses the psoas muscle and the quadratus lumborum muscle.

Adrenal Gland Sonographic Anatomy, suprarenal gland are best visualized in (2), situated what (3) to the kidneys, the right is what shape, left is what shape, each displaying a echogencity of cortex and medulla?

Suprarenal glands best visualized in neonates and prenatally, situated anterior, superior, and medial to the kidneys; the right is triangular while the left is semi-lunar, each displaying a hypoechoic cortex and a hyperechoic medulla.

Suprarenal Arterial Supply how many arteries, supplying each, what are the three arteries and what do they arise form?

The three arteries supplying each adrenal gland: the superior suprarenal artery (arising from the inferior phrenic artery), the middle suprarenal artery (arising from the aorta), and the inferior suprarenal artery (arising from the renal artery).

Suprarenal Venous Drainage, right suprarenal vein empties directly into the, left suprarenal vein empties into the before coursing to the?

where the right suprarenal vein empties directly into the IVC, and the left suprarenal vein empties into the left renal vein before coursing to the IVC.

Retroperitoneal Lymph Nodes comprising the (2), in the, and the, which are typically visible or invisible on ultrasound, unless enlarged to?

comprising the iliac and hypogastric nodes in the pelvis and the para-aortic group along the aorta, which are typically invisible on ultrasound unless pathologically enlarged to $1\,\text{cm}$ or bigger.

Anterolateral Abdominal Wall Layers (4)?

from superficial to deep: skin, superficial fascia, muscles, and parietal peritoneum.

Pyramidalis Muscle is what (2), located near the, connecting to the, representing the most?

A small, triangular muscle located near the lower part of the abdomen connecting to the pubic symphysis, representing the most superficial muscle of the abdominal wall.

External Oblique Muscle is what (2), on what part of abdomen, whose fibers course?

A superficial, flat muscle on the lateral abdomen whose fibers course inferomedially.

Internal Oblique Muscle is a, located, that is (2), with fibers running?

A flat abdominal muscle located deep to the external oblique that is smaller and thinner, with fibers running superomedially.

Transversus Abdominis Muscle is what (2), extending?

The deepest, flat muscle layer of the anterolateral abdominal wall, extending transversely across the sides of the abdomen.

Linea Semilunaris is what boundary, or edge of the?

The curved lateral boundary or edge of the rectus abdominis muscle.

Transversalis Fascia is the, situated directly, that is what on an ultrasound?

The prominent fascial layer situated directly beneath the transversus abdominis muscle that is easily seen on ultrasound.