Anatomy and physiology (cells)

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Plasma membrane

The outer boundary of the cell that controls the entry and exit of substances. Composed of phospholipids and carbohydrates

Nucleus

The control center of the cell that stores the DNA

Ribosome

Site of protein synthesis

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Synthesizes proteins which are usually sent to the Golgi apparatus

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Manufactures lipids and carbohydrates; detoxifies harmful chemicals; stores calcium

Golgi apparatus

Modifies, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids for secretion on internal use

Lysosome

Contains digestive enzymes

Centrioles

Serve as centers for microtubule formation

Phospholipid

Form a lipid bilayer for the plasma membrane with their polar, hydrophilic heads and nonpolar, hydrophobic tails

Lipids

Fats, form and make up the plasma membrane

Proteins

Preforms actions and specific tasks for the cell

Leak ion channels

always open for ions

Gated ion channels

opened and closed by certain stimuli. Ligand and Voltage

Passive membrane transport

require no ATP because the random molecular motion of particles provides the necessary energy

Active membrane transport

consume ATP via pumps and vesicle transport

Diffusion

A passive process which causes molecules to move from a high concentration to a low one until they reach equilibrium

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Hypotonic

When a cell has more solute on the inside than the outside, causing it to expand and burst

Isotonic

When a cell has equal amounts of solute on the outside and inside

Hypertonic

When a cell has more solute on the outside than the inside, causing it to shrink (crenate)

Endocytosis

Internalizes substances by forming a vesicle

Phagocytosis

Engulfing a large substance

Pinocytosis

Bringing in smaller particles quickly

Exocytosis

accumulated vesicle secretions expelled from a cell

Protein

A polymer of amino acids (polypeptide)

Transcription

Transcribes the gene in the DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA)

Translation

Ribosomes read and translate mRNA to form protein (polypeptide)

Chromatin

DNA complexed with proteins (histones)

Chromatids

Exact copies of each other

Chromosomes

Pairs of chromatids

Interphase

Gap phases and synthesis phase (G1, S, G2). Replication of DNA and normal cell activities

Prophase

Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelop breaks down, miotic spindle begins to form

Metaphase

Replicated chromosomes attach to spindle fibers, align in the center of the cell

Anaphase

Chromosomes/ sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of a cell

Telophase

Chromatids/ chromosomes move to opposite ends of cell, 2 nuclei are formed

Cytokinesis

Final stage of cell cycle where the cytoplasm divides and the nuclei separate

Mitosis

A somatic cell doubles DNA and divides to produce 2 genetically identical daughter cells

Meiosis

Produces four gametes, each with half the genetic material and containing genetic variations of the diploid cells

Heredity

Characteristics/ traits are passed from parent to offspring determined by the genes on chromosomes

Genotype

Actual set of alleles (letters)

Alleles

Different forms of a gene (possibilities) for the same trait

Phenotype

Traits expressed

Enzymes

Catalyze chemical reactions either inside or outside cells

Microtubules

Hollow tubes composed primarily of protein units called tubulin

Ribosomal RNA

RNA that is associated with certain proteins to form ribosomes

Cilia

Structures that project from the surface of cells and are capable of movement

Flagella

Longer than cilia, move entire cell rater than small particles

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

RNA that attaches to individual amino acids and transports them to the ribosome

Codons

Sequence of 3 nucleotides in mRNA or DNA that codes for a specific amino acid in a protein

Prophase (pic)

Metaphase (pic)

Anaphase (pic)

Telophase (pic)