Pathology 1-3

Veterinary Pathology

Define Pathology

The study of orgin, course and nature of diseases

Pathology importance/ Clincal Significance

it examines changes in cells, tissues, organs, and their functions to understand the process of disease and helps reach a diagnoises

Besides from disease diagnosis, why else is pathology important

for research and drug discovery and development

What type of tool can pathology be describe as?

a diagnoistic tool

What is the difference between clincal signs ans symptoms

clinical signs are observed by the clinician; symptoms are felt and reported by the patient

Define anatomy

shape and structure of organism

Define anatomic pathology

morphologic alterations; the physical changes caused by disease

Define pathogenesis

step-by-step study of development of a disease

Define diagnosis

medical ability to recognize and understand the etiology and pathogenesis of life or dead animal

pathogenesis vs etiology

how the diseases developed; cause of disease

Define necrospy/autopsy

post mortem examination

Define lesion

abnormal tissue change

What term shouldn’t be used to describe findings and why

Lesion because it is the general pathology term for an abnormal change in tissue

How does the absence of a lesions till help in diasgnoises

no lesion doesn’t mean the animal is healthy and still allows us to confirm which test can be used moving forward

What are some terminology used in lesion description

abrasion, laceration, puncture, incision, perforation, rupture, fracture, and ulcer

Define ulcer

open sore caused by the loss of the surface layer of tissues

Define Abrasion

skin damage; epidermis loss

Define Laceration

deep cut or tear

Define pucture

penetration would due to sharp object

Define incision

wound created purposely by sharp tool

Define perforations

hole that develops through the wall of a hollow organ

Define rupture

break for tear in any organ or soft tissue

Define fracture

cracking or breaking of a hard material or object, typically bone

What are the different factors of etiology?

Predisposing; Determinant

List the extrinsic determinant factor of tissue damage

1. actinic

2. chemical

3. biologic

Define Actinic extrinsic determinant factor

tissue or skin damage caused by radiation from sunlight, typically uv

Define Chemical extrinsic determinant factor

external chemical substance that causes tissue damage or cell injury

Examples of chemical extrinsic determinant factor

1. toxic plants

2. rodenticides

3. insecticides

4. mycotoxins

Define biologic extrinsic determinant factor

external living organism or biological agent that causes tissue damage or disease

Examples of biologic extrinsic determinant factor

1. bacteria

2. fungi

3. virus

Define Predisposing factors

conditions that may have caused disease susceptible

Define Determinant Factors

direct disease causng agent

Predisposing vs Determinant factors can be further broken down into wht factors?

intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors

Define Intrinsic Factors

factors within the animal, such as age, sex, breed

Define Extrinsic Factors

factors outside the animal, such as cold, overcrowding, poor hygiene, stress

Differentiate food excess and lack of food

too much food; not enough food

Differentiate food excess and lack of food can lead to watch clinical concerns

obesity or nutritional depletion

Where can we look in the body to determine severe or chronic nutritional depletion

bone marrow fat

Why is Bone Marrow Fat a useful indicator of severe or chronic nutritional depletion

because bone marrow fat is usually the last fat reserve to be lost meaning the body was breaking down body fat for the nutrients survival

Can we look at bone marrow fat to indicate ordinary short-term weight loss

No, only severe or chronic nutritional depletion,

Order of fat accumulation

bone marrow → pericardial groove (heart) → peri renal area(kidneys) → abdomen → subcutaneous tissue

Order of fat depletion

subcutaneous tissue→ abdomen→ peri renal area(kidneys) → pericardial groove (heart) → bone marrow

What are the 4 “whats” you should provided when sending laboratory samples?

1. What did you see

2. What did you do

3. What do you think

4. What do you want

Why are the 4 “whats” important?

it ensures that you are submitting a sample correctly for proper examination

Describe what the 4 whats are asking

1. What did you see? Gross description and location

2. What did you do? How was sample collected

3. What do you think? Possible diagnosis

4. What do you want? what you want the lab to determine

What are the elements of macroscopic description

1. distribution

2. color

3. outline

4. shape

What are some macroscopic disitribution description terms

1. focal

2. focally extensive

3. multifocal

4. multifocal to coalescing

5. diffuse

6. unilateral vs bilateral

7. bilateral symmetrical

8. milliary

What does focal mean when describing a lesion?

a lesion in one specific, limited area.

What does focally extensive mean when describing a lesion?

a lesion in one area that covers a relatively large or extensive region.

What does multifocal mean when describing lesions?

lesions present in several separate areas.

What does multifocal to coalescing mean when describing lesions?

several lesions that are separate but are beginning to merge together.

What does diffuse mean when describing a lesion?

a lesion spread throughout an entire organ, tissue, or region.

What does unilateral mean when describing a lesion?

A lesion affecting only one side of the body or one paired organ.

What does bilateral mean when describing a lesion?

a lesion affecting both sides of the body or both paired organs.

What does bilateral symmetrical mean when describing a lesion?

a lesion affecting both sides in the same or matching locations.

What does miliary mean when describing lesions?

numerous very small lesions scattered throughout an organ or tissue, like grains of millet

What are some macroscopic color descriptions

1. white

2. red

3. yellow

4. green

5. black

What can white color findings mean?

Inflammation

Necrosis

Mineral

Keratin

Fibrosis

Urates

Lipids

Bone

What can red color findings mean?

1. Hemorrhages

2. Congestion

3. Hyperemia

What can yellow color findings mean?

1. Inflammation

2. Bilirubin

3. Fat

4. Myelin decomposition

5. Meconium

6. Fibrin

What can green color findings mean?

1. Biliary

2. Pigments

3. Eosinophilic

4. Inflammation

5. Necrosis

6. Algae or fungi

7. Hemosiderin

What can black color findings mean?

1. Melanin

2. Blood

3. Necrosis

4. Fasciola spp. Pigment

5. Exogenous carbon

What are some macroscopic outline description terms

1. Raised

2. Widened

3. Depresed

What are some macroscopic shape description terms

1. Triangular

2. Rhomboidal

3. Spherical

4. Amorphous

5. Cavitated

6. Linear

What does it mean to describe something as compressing?

pressing on or narrowing another structure

Define hyperplasia

increase in number

Examples of hyperplasia

1. Lactational mammary gland proliferation: Mammary gland cells increase during milk production

2. Enlargement of the pregnant uterus: Uterine cells increase in number during pregnancy

3. Partial hepatectomy: Remaining liver cells multiply to replace lost liver tissue

4. Goiter: Thyroid cells increase, enlarging the thyroid gland.

5. Benign prostatic hyperplasia: Prostate cells increase, enlarging the prostate.

Define hypertrophy

increase in size

Examples of hypertrophy

pulmonic stenosis causes the right ventricular heart muscle to increase in size, producing right ventricular myocardial hypertrophy

Define Metaplasia and why it happens

reversible change when one differentiated cell type replaced by another; adaptive changes to withstand environment condition

Examples of metaplasia

1. Mucosal epithelium changes into stratified squamous epithelium due to smoking

2. Fibrous tissue changes into bone

3. Dog pulmonary osseous metaplasia: soft tissue in the dog’s lungs changes into bone

Define Atrophy

decrease in size and/or number of cell, tissue, or organ after normal growth has been

reached

Examples of atrophy

1. Thymus: Becomes smaller through normal involution

2. Postpartum uterus: Shrinks after pregnancy

3. Starvation/cachexia: Poor nutrition causes cells and tissues to shrink

4. Muscle atrophy: Muscles become smaller from decreased workload.

5. Serous atrophy of fat: Fat tissue is lost during starvation or weight lost and becomes gelatinous

All cells live in homeostsis when they are disrupted this can cause

cell injury or adaption

If cell injury is irreversible it can be either…

apoptosis or necrosis

Compare and contrast atrophy, hypoplasia and aplasia

1. atrophy: decrease happens after normal development

2. hypoplasia: incomplete development

3. aplasia: failure of development

Compare and contrast hyperplasia and neoplasia cell growth

hyperplasia: increase is cell number

neoplasia: uncontrolled cellular growth

Compare and contrast hyperplasia and neoplasia response to a stimulus

hyperplasia: when the signal stops, the extra cell growth stops

neoplasia: when the signal stops, the extra cell growth does not stop

Compare and contrast hypertrophy and hyperplasia

1. hypertrophy: increase in tissue due to increase in cell size

2. hyperplasia: increase in tissue due to increase in cell number

Characteristics of hypertrophy

1. Common in striated muscle

2. Associated with increased workload

3. Usually reversible

4. Physiologic or Pathologic

Characteristics of hyperplasia

1. Occur along side hypertrophy

2. Only in cells capable of dividing

Which processes can increase the size of an organ or part of an organ?

hypertrophy, hyperplasia, neoplasia and inflammation