Textbook-Specific (HOSA behavioral Health)

What are the 6 major sciences?

Social science, mathematics, physics, chemistry, earth sciences, and medicine

Modern psychology is dated back to…

the 1870s

The most common type of dream, with the earliest accounts being from 6000-5000 BCE in Assyria, involves…

Being chased

Herman von Helmholtz (1821-1894) discovered…

How far the nerve is from the brain - based off of speed

Who discovered the softest sound detectible to a human (yes/no questions, sound became ‘detectible’ once 50% answered yes') + coined the study of psychophysics?

Gustav Fechner

17th-18th century scientists believed…

The mind was a physical entity

Wilhelm Wundt discovered…

Mental Chronometry

Mental Chronometry

Belief that reaction time provided a measure of the amount of mental processing required to carry out a task. Harder task → longer rx time

Who saw mental experience as a hierarchy → overall perception (I like this food) comes from individual parts (taste, vision, emotion) ?

Wilhelm Wundt

Edward Titchner and Wilhelm Wundt(1867-1923) discovered…

Structuralism theory - mind can be broken down into the smallest elements of mental experience

Gestalt psychology was founded by…

20th-century German psychologists, including Kurt Koffka, Max Wertheimer, and Wolfgang Kohler

Gestalt psychologists believed…

Breaking down experiences into their smallest aspects would cause the loss of important parts of the experience.

Functionalists such as William James (1842-1910) believed…

Behaviours were useful since they led to survival

The phrase ‘stream of consciousness’ was coined by…

William James

Cognitive dissonance theory was founded by who?

Leon Festinger

The main difference between medical and psychological models is…

One emphasizes medicine, other emphasizes the effect of life experiences on behaviour

Humanistic psychologists in the ___ believed that humans were inately good

1960s

Client-centered therapy was coined by…

Carl Rogers

John B Watson (1878-1958) discovered… (marketing-related)

In order for something to be appealing, its image must be appealing as well

Cognitive psychology was given its name by…

Ulric Neisser

In what year was the American Psychological Association founded?

1892

The first psychology clinic was opened by which psychologist?

Lightner Witmer

Who is the father of social psychology?

Kurt Lewin

The first psychology laboratory was opened by which psychologist?

G. Stanley Hall

Who was the first professor of psychology?

James McKeen Cattell

Who got the first PhD is psychology?

Joseph Jastrow

First Black person to receive a PhD in psychology

Francis Cecil Sumner

EEGs were created in…

1929

Individual differences approach

Investigates variations in behaviour from one individual to the next

In 2010-2011, more than ___ people have an undergrad in psychology

100,000 (6% of total undergrads from that range)

Master’s Degree holder in psychology can teach at which level?

Community college

About _ of the population stutters

5%

Males are _ times more likely to have a stutter

2-5x

Stutters show more activation in which part of the brain?

Right hemisphere

Binge drinking

five drinks on one occasion for men, four drinks for women

Among college students (18-22 year olds), what was the binge drinking rate?

40%

Among all US adults, what was the binge drinking rate?

17.1%

Among 18-24 year olds overall, what was the binge drinking rate?

28.2%

What percentage of the adult population doesn’t drink/drinks infrequently?

48%

Theory

Sets of facts and relationships between facts that can be used to explain and predict phenomena

Descriptive Method

Research methods designed for making careful, systematic observations Includes case studies, naturalistic observations, and surveys

One of the most successful case studies was of a patient named:

Henry Molaison, amnesiac patient

Measure of a variable

How much of the variable was observed

Third variable

Variable that is responsible for a correlation observed between two other variables of interest

Confounding variables

Variables that are irrelevant to the hypothesis being tested that can alter or distort our conclusions.

Operationalization

Defining variables in practical terms → from abstract to measurable

Double-blind procedure

Experiement using a placebo → 1st is not knowing of the placebo, 2nd is that researchers don’t know who did/didn’t take the placebo

Cross-sectional study

An experimental design for assessing age-related changes in which data are obtained simultaneously from people of differing ages. Does not account for generational differences

Longitudinal study

An experimental design for assessing age-related changes in which data are obtained from the same individuals at intervals over a long period.

Mixed Longitudinal study

An experimental design for assessing age-related changes that combines the cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches by observing a cross-section of participants over a shorter period than is used typically in longitudinal studies.

Reliability

The consistency of a measure, including test-retest, inter-rater, intermethod, and internal consistency.

Validity

quality of a measure that leads to valid conclusions (i.e., the measure measures the concept it was designed to measure)

Null Hypothesis

The hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error.

IRB

Institutional review boards

IACUC

Institutional animal care and use committees

APS

Association for Psychological Science

SfN

Society for neuroscience

What percentage of psychological research involves animal participants?

7-8%

What are the most common animals used in research, used 90% of the time?

rodents and birds

Credit for describing the difference between nature/nurture is usually given to…

Francis Galton

Relatedness in genetics

The probability that two people share the same allele from a common ancestor

Probability of sharing an allele with a parent/sibling vs aunt/cousin

1/2, 1/4

Epigenetics

Study of gene-enviornment interactions in producing phenotypes

How many genes have been implicated in the development of schizophrenia?

over 70

Concordance rates

Statistical probabilities that a trait observed in one person will be seen in another.

Heritability

The statistical likelihood that variations observed in a population are because of genetics. Must take environment into account

High levels of testosterone may be the reason behind:

lower immune system functioning

True brains in evolution appeared around __ years ago

500 million

The first human brain in evolution appeared around __ years ago

7 million

The major factor distinguishing human brains from other ones is:

Complexity of social behaviours

The brain is __ of our body weight, and uses up _ of the body’s resources when at rest

2%, 15%

Reciprocal Altruism

Sacrificing something for someone when you expect the recipient might do the same for you at some future time

Major Histocompatability Complex

A set of genes on chromosome 6 in humans (known as HLA) that encodes cell surface molecules essential for the adaptive immune system.

The black death killed off what percent of the European population?

30-60%

Smallpox, measles, and influenza carried by Europeans to the Western Hemisphere killed what percent of the native population?

As many as 90%

The Spanish Flu killed how many people worldwide in a year?

50-100 million

Being excluded from a group can cause a person’s immune system to…

Gear up to protect from bacteria

Autopsies have been used since:

3000 BCE

Phrenology

Belief that the pattern of bumps on an individual’s skull correlated with that person’s personality traits and abilities. The brain supposedly worked like a muscle, getting larger through use, which led frequently used areas of the brain to grow so much that the skull above these areas would bulge.

The neuron doctrine, stating that the nervous system is made up of several cells, was proved by whom?

Ramon y Cajal

Who proposed that the nervous system is organized as a hierarchy, with progressively more complicated behaviors being managed by more recently evolved and complex structures?

Hughlings Jackson

The ‘decade of the brain’ was in which decade?

1990s

Nerves of the ___ nervous system are encased by bone

CNS

Skin conductance response (formerly galvanic skin response) is:

Measurement of electricity passed between two surface electrodes placed on the skin of the hand or finger. Used to measures states of arousal

Event related potential (ERP) is:

Measurement formed by averaging EEG responses to a stimulus, such as a light or tone

Single cell recording is:

Measurement of a single neuron’s activity obtained through a surgically implanted electrode. Helps find out which types of stimulation that particular neuron responds to

Magnetoencephalography is:

Recording of the tiny amounts of magnetic output of the brain

Positron emission tomography (PET) is:

A measurement of metabolic activity produced through the accumulation of radioactively tagged glucose or oxygen to identify activity levels in parts of the brain

Transcranial magnetic stimulation is:

Application of magnetic fields to the brain through an instrument held near the scalp

Cerebrospinal fluid seeps out from where?

The lining of hollow spaces in the brain known as the ventricles

Hydrocephalus

Buildup of CSF that is not circulating properly

The spinal cord is __ the weight of the CNS

2%

Pons

Contains structures involved with the management of sleep, arousal, and facial expressions.

Periaqueductal Gray

Tube shaped midbrain region, interface between lower brainstem and forebrain. Controls survival-related behaviours and pain (endorphin control)

Reticular formation

Runs from lower brainstem to upper medulla in mindbrain, it controls mood, arousal, and sleep. Major sources of serotonin and epinephrine

Thalamus

Involved with sensation, states of consciousness, and memory. Sensations (hearing, touch, smell, taste) usually pass through here before entering other areas of the brain.

Anterior cingulate cortex

Participates in control of AutonomicNS and in decision making, emotion, anticipation of reward, and empathy.

Posterior cingulate cortex

Participates in memory and visual processing

Where is the amygdala found?

Temporal Lobe

Nucleus Accumbens

Circuit originating in cell bodies located in the midbrain that form connections with many subcortical structures. Related to feelings of pleasure and reward, including feeling included in social settings.