american gov quiz 4

What is carceral debt?

Money owed because of involvement in the criminal justice system

What are court fines and fees?

Financial charges imposed through the court system.

How can court debt affect people after their sentences?

They may continue owing money even after completing their sentences.

How does carceral debt affect people in poverty?

People who cannot pay may face additional penalties or arrest.

What is private probation?

Supervision operated by private companies that may charge fees.

How does carceral debt contribute to racial inequality?

The author argues it disproportionately harms low-income communities and communities of color.

What is Rolling Jubilee?

project that purchases debt cheaply and cancels it.

What did Rolling Jubilee accomplish?

It canceled over $3 million in probation debt.

What is the Debt Collective?

An organization that challenges unfair debt.

What average amount of fines and fees does the article report?

$13,607 upon release.

What is the main argument of the Guardian article?

Unjust criminal justice debt should be eliminated because it punishes people financially.

What is a prison strike?

An organized protest or refusal to work by incarcerated people.

What happened during the 2016 prison strike?

Prisoners organized to protest prison labor and poor conditions.

What is the 13th Amendment exception?

Involuntary servitude is permitted as punishment for a crime.

What is prison labor?

Work performed by incarcerated people, sometimes for little or no pay.

What was the Attica Uprising?

A 1971 prisoner rebellion demanding better treatment and rights.

What forms can prison resistance take?

Hunger strikes, work stoppages, and organized demonstrations.

What is a hunger strike?

Refusing food as a form of protest.

What punishment can prisoners face for protesting?

Solitary confinement, transfers, and other retaliation.

Why was September 9, 2016 significant?

It marked the anniversary of the Attica uprising and the beginning of a major prison strike.

What is the main argument of Rattling the Cages?

Prison strikes challenge exploitation, racial inequality, and poor prison conditions.

What is mass incarceration?

The large-scale imprisonment and confinement of people.

Approximately how many people are incarcerated in the United States?

Nearly 2 million.

What is a prison?

A facility mostly holding convicted people serving longer sentences.

What is a jail?

A facility mostly holding people awaiting trial or serving shorter sentences.

What is pretrial detention?

Holding someone in jail before their trial.

Can someone be jailed without being convicted?

Yes, many people in jail are awaiting trial.

Why will changing drug laws alone not end mass incarceration?

Drug offenses account for only part of the incarcerated population.

How does mental health relate to incarceration?

Many incarcerated people need mental health treatment and support.

What is probation?

Community supervision instead of incarceration.

What is parole?

Supervised release after imprisonment.

What is a technical violation?

Breaking supervision rules without a new criminal conviction.

How can probation or parole violations affect people?

They can lead to incarceration.

How does poverty relate to incarceration?

People with fewer financial resources can face greater difficulties in the justice system.

What racial issue does the report discuss?

Racial disparities in incarceration.

What reforms does the report recommend?

Reducing unnecessary incarceration and expanding support services.

What is the estimated annual cost of the criminal legal system?

At least $445 billion.

What is the main argument of The Whole Pie 2026?

Reducing mass incarceration requires changes across many parts of the justice system.

What is political participation?

Actions citizens take to influence government and politics.

Why is voting important?

It allows citizens to help choose political leaders and influence government.

What is a political organization?

A group that organizes people around shared political goals.

How do political organizations influence government?

They organize people to support shared goals and policies.

How can organized citizens gain political influence?

By working together to influence political decisions.

What is presidential power?

The president's authority to lead the executive branch and influence national policy.

What is executive power?

The authority to carry out federal laws.

What is the executive branch responsible for?

Enforcing and carrying out federal laws.

What does commander in chief mean?

The president serves as leader of the armed forces.

Who has the power to declare war?

Congress.

What is the president's role in foreign policy?

Leading diplomacy and influencing international affairs.

What limits presidential power?

Congress, the courts, and the Constitution.

How has presidential power changed over time?

Presidential responsibilities have expanded throughout American history.