PTCB STUFFS

laws,medications etc studying for ptcb

DEA Form 222

A form used for the official ordering and transferring II controlled substances in the United States, ensuring compliance with federal regulations.

DEA form 106

A form used to report the theft or loss of controlled substances in the United States, ensuring proper documentation and compliance with regulatory requirements.

DEA form 41

A form used to document the disposal of controlled substances in the United States, ensuring compliance with federal regulations.

This federal law requires pharmacists to review Medicaid recipients’ entire drug profile before filling their prescriptions.

The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) of 1990

mandates that pharmacists perform a drug utilization review of Medicaid recipients' medication profiles to ensure safety and appropriateness of prescribed therapies for pharmacists to offer patients counseling.

What is the proper hand washing guideline in USP <797>?

The USP <797> guidelines for hand washing include thorough cleansing of hands and forearms with soap and water for at least 30 seconds, followed by drying with a clean, disposable towel, and using an alcohol-based hand rub as needed to maintain cleanliness.

(Recap) Omeprazole is what type of drug

A proton pump inhibitor used to reduce stomach acid production.

(Recap) Carvedilol is what type of drug and class

Carvedilol is a non-selective beta blocker used to manage hypertension and heart failure.

(Recap) Furosemide and Hydrochlorothiazide are what kinds of drugs

Diuretics used to reduce fluid retention and manage hypertension.

(Recap) Lisinopril is what kind of drug and class

Lisinopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used to treat hypertension and heart failure.

What is the maximum capacity for a class A balance?

The typical minimum weight that can be weighed on a Class A Prescription Balance is 120 mg and the typical maximum weight is 120 g. The sensitivity is 6 mg, meaning that 6 mg of a substance will move the pointer of the balance one division off equilibrium, or one degree.

Medicare Part A

Medicare Part A provides hospital insurance (i.e., inpatient hospitalization).

Medicare Part B

Medicare Part B provides medical insurance (i.e., outpatient medical services).

Medicare Part C

Medicare Part C, also called Medicare Advantage, is a combination of Parts A and B.

Medicare Part D

Medicare Part D is a federal government program which subsidizes the costs of prescription drugs and drug insurance premiums for Medicare Recipients. This program was authorized by the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003.

This is an autoimmune disease in which the thyroid is overactive, and produces excessive amounts of thyroid hormones:

Graves Disease

disorder caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of corticosteroids.

Cushing’s Disease

adrenal insufficiency, is a conditions where the adrenal glands don’t produce mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids.

Addison’s Disease

a virus that can infect humans and damage the immune system making the body unable to fight off infections. When an () infection causes the immune system to be weakened to a certain point, it is called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ().

HIV and AIDS

What is the Flow rate formula

Volume (ML) / Time (Hours) = gtt/min

What is the Drip rate formula

Volume (ML) x Drop factor (gtt/ml) / Time (Minutes) = gtt/min

Potentiation is what

Potentiation is when one drug increases the effect of another drug, making the overall effect stronger.

Synergism is what

Synergism is when the effect of two drugs together is greater than the sum of their individual effects.

Antagonism is what

Antagonism is when two drugs work against each other.

Additive Effect is what

The Additive Effect is when the effect of two drugs together is equal to the sum of their individual effects.

Garlic can be used for what

Garlic is used to help lower cholesterol, reduce mild high blood pressure, and support heart health and diabetes.

Milk thistle is used for what

Milk thistle is used as an antioxidant and to treat liver disease

Acai can be used for what

Acai has been used to treat fever, gastrointestinal, and skin conditions.

Kava can be used for what

Kava is sedating and it is usually consumed in order to relax without disrupting mental clarity.

A drug sells for $29.99 retail and has a wholesale cost of $19.74. The dispensing cost  is $3.20. What is the pharmacy’s net profit?

Gross profit is how much a company makes after the sale of an item minus the cost for the company to buy said item. This is the money made before considering any operating expenses.

Net profit is the money a company makes after the sale of an item and after taking into consideration all other expenses.

In this question, the gross profit is the amount the company made after selling the drug, minus the cost of the drug to the company Gross profit: $29.99 – $19.74 = $10.25. The net profit is the gross profit minus any operating expenses Net profit: $29.99 – $19.74 – $3.20. = 7.05$

-Navir is the suffix of which type of medications

protease inhibitors, a class of antivirals used to treat HIV

-azepam is the suffix of which type of medications

“-azepam” is the suffix used for generic names of benzodiazepines

Tumbling is what

Tumbling is the process of combining two powders by mixing them together in a bag and shaking.

Spatulation is what

Spatulation is the process of mixing powders using a spatula when the ingredients may liquefy. Particle sizes are not reduced.

Geometric dilution is what

Geometric dilution is a technique used to mix two ingredients of different quantities. It starts with taking the ingredient with the smaller quantity and mix with the same quantity of the other ingredient. Then the combined quantity is taken and mixed with the same quantity of the other ingredient, and this is repeated until the two ingredients are fully combined.

Comminution is what

Comminution is the action of reducing a material to smaller particle sizes. Different methods of comminution are trituration, levigation, and pulverization by intervention.

Seventy-four degrees Fahrenheit is equal to what temperature in Celsius?

23.3 To convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius, subtract 32 from the Fahrenheit temperature and then divide by 1.8.

Durham-Humphrey Amendment

Until the Durham-Humphrey Amendment was passed, there was no requirement that any drug be labeled for sale by prescription only. The amendment defined prescription drugs as those unsafe for self-medication and which should therefore be used only under a doctor’s supervision.

The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic (FD&C) Act

gave the FDA authority to regulate the safety of foods, drugs, medical devices, and cosmetics. This law defined adulteration and misbranding of drugs and food products.

The Kefauver Harris Amendment

established procedures for drug applications and investigational products and required drugs to be proven safe and effective.

The Kefauver Harris Amendment is also known as the ‘Drug Efficacy Amendment.’ It is a 1962 amendment to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. It introduced requirements for drug manufacturers to provide proof of the effectiveness and safety of their drugs before they could be approved. It also required drug advertising to disclose accurate information about side effects and efficacy of treatments.

The Drug Listing Act of 1972

required each drug to be assigned a 10- or 11- digit National Drug Code (NDC) number.

The Red Book

The Red Book is the leading resource for information on drug pricing.

The Orange Book

The Orange Book is a resource for the therapeutic equivalence of brand and generic drugs

Drug package insert (DPI)

Drug package inserts serve as references for pharmacokinetics and the labeled indications for drugs.

Formulary

The primary function of a prescription formulary is to specify particular medications that are approved to be prescribed under a particular insurance policy. Formularies are developed by evaluating the safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of various drugs. With a closed formulary the insurance policy won’t pay for drugs that are not on the list. An open formulary allows drugs that are not on the list, but will generally charge a higher co-pay for those drugs.

Pharmacy Benefit Program

Pharmacy benefit programs help manage how patients access medications by controlling coverage, costs, and appropriate drug use.

Perpetual inventory

Perpetual inventory is a system that continuously tracks medication quantities to ensure accurate stock levels and prevent shortages or diversion.

Inventory control list

Inventory control lists organize medications by need and priority to support safe, efficient purchasing and storage.

Tall man letters are used for drugs which:

Medications that have look alike names (Example CeleBREX and CeleXA)

The pharmacy technician notices that a dosage may be typed wrong in the system. The reading says 0.1g but it should probably be 0.01g as 0.1 may be too large of a dose. What should the technician do in this case?

Inform the Pharmacist

Recalls by the FDA are divided into how many tiers

3

FDA Recall Class I

Class I recalls are the most serious type where exposure to the product is likely to cause serious adverse health reactions.

FDA Recall Class II

Class II recalls are for less serious problems, such as temporary adverse health consequences.

FDA Recall Class III

Class III recalls are for situations in which adverse health consequences are unlikely.

According to federal law, DEA forms need to be maintained for ____ years.

(2 Years)

These regulations are issued by the Drug Enforcement Agency, which is an agency of the U.S. Department of Justice. Most pharmacy records, in general, must be kept for a minimum of 2 years. This includes DEA forms, prescription records, purchasing and shipping records of Schedule III through IV drugs, and compounding records. An additional requirement is that these records must be readily retrievable.

Laminar flow hoods must be certified every ___ months.

(6 Months)

To ensure laminar flow hoods are running appropriately, they need to be recertified every 6 months.

Vertical laminar flow workbenches flow what way and protect what

Vertical laminar workbenches are designed to have the clean air flow vertically and provides negative air pressure which protects the worker from exposure to hazardous drugs.

Horizontal workbenches flow what way and protect what

Horizontal workbenches are designed to have the clean air flow horizontally and provides a positive air pressure which protects the drug product from contamination.

Laminar Flow hoods are used for what

Laminar flow hoods are used to remove contaminants and provide clean air to the working area. There are two main types of laminar flow hoods: vertical and horizontal workbenches.

Convert 5.5 kg to pounds.

12.1 lbs

Recall that a kilogram is equal to 2.2 pounds:

5.5 x 2.2 = 12.1

Convert 12.1 lbs to kg

5.5 kgs

Recall that 2.2 pounds is equal to 1 kilogram:

12.1 / 2.2 = 5.5kg

An order is written to administer 2 liters of an IV fluid over 18 hours. What will the flow rate be?

111ml/hr

Divide the volume by the time to get the flow rate:

2 liters equals 2,000 mL

2000/18 = 111.1 mL/hr

The percent equivalent of a 1:125 ratio is:

To solve this problem, you’ll need to set up a proportion. Percent means parts per hundred. You need to figure out how many “parts” are per hundred using the given ratio of 1:125. Ratios can be rewritten as fractions, and these fractions can be used to set up the proportion problem to solve for x = 0.8.

(Basically turn it into a fraction and divid 1 by 125 to get the answer)

If a drug has no accepted medical use and extremely high potential for abuse, which DEA schedule would it be categorized in?

Schedule I

drugs that have an accepted medical use but a high potential for abuse

Schedule II drugs are those that have an accepted medical use but a high potential for abuse. Examples include opioids (oxycodone, morphine, codeine, fentanyl) and stimulants (amphetamine, methamphetamine, methylphenidate).

drugs are those that have an accepted medical use and a lower potential for abuse than Schedule I and II drugs

Schedule III drugs are those that have an accepted medical use and a lower potential for abuse than Schedule I and II drugs. Examples include Tylenol with codeine, ketamine, and testosterone.

drugs are those with an accepted medical use and a low potential for abuse relative to Schedule III drugs

Schedule IV drugs are those with an accepted medical use and a low potential for abuse relative to Schedule III drugs. Examples include benzodiazepines (lorazepam, clonazepam, diazepam) and “z-drugs” used for insomnia (zaleplon, zolpidem, eszopiclone).

On which of these would you find information about the pharmacology of a drug?

PPI

A PPI (patient package insert) is a document provided along with a prescription medication to provide additional information about that drug. The first section lists the brand name and generic name of the product. The other sections cover clinical pharmacology, indications, contraindications, warnings, precautions, adverse reactions, drug abuse and dependence, overdosage, dosage and administration, and how supplied. The clinical pharmacology section tells how the medicine works in the body, how it is absorbed and eliminated, and what its effects are likely to be at various concentrations.

a Auxiliary label does what

An auxiliary label provides extra safety or usage instructions that support proper medication use.

A Prescription label does what

A prescription label contains essential patient, drug, and dosing information required for safe dispensing.

a Prescription is what?

A prescription is a legal order from an authorized prescriber that allows a pharmacist to prepare and dispense a medication

Common side effect of Coumadin (Warfarin)

Bleeding

Is OBRA-87 a pharmacy law and what did it do?

No and OBRA-87 is a law that reformed the federal standards for nursing home care.

What law requires all Medicaid-covered outpatient prescriptions to be written on tamper-resistant paper.

The Medicaid Tamper-Resistant Prescription Act requires all Medicaid-covered outpatient prescriptions to be written on tamper-resistant paper.

a law that banned reimportation of US-manufactured drugs, restricted the distribution of drug samples, and required states to license wholesale drug distributors.

The Prescription Drug Marketing Act (PDMA) of 1987

Schedule II Medications must be saved where

a Locked safe while all other schedules can be saved through out the pharmacy, if the medication goes in a fridge it must be saved in a lock fridge

PPO stands for what in terms of insurance

Preferred Provider Organization plan

PPO Plans

Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) plans provide substantial discounts for doctors and hospitals in the network. When using out-of-network providers, PPO members are reimbursed, but at a reduced rate.

With a PPO, members can see the doctor or specialist they like without having to see a PCP first. PPO premiums tend to be higher than Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) plans, and there is usually a deductible.

PCP in terms of insurance stands for what

Primary Care Physician

HMO stands for what in terms of insurance

Health Maintenance Organization

Which Act of Congress addresses the privacy and security of health data?

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996

What Act of Congress addresses the safety of workers in the workplace

Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970

The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 created the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) which ensures a safe workplace for all employees and requires the use of Safety Data Sheets (SDSs).

What Act of Congress protects those with disablities

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 is a law that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities.

Martindale is a book in pharmacy used for what

Martindale is a comprehensive resource that includes information on thousands of drugs and over 125,000 proprietary products.

In the Orange book if the code for the drug begins with a A what does it mean?

If the first letter of the code is an ‘A’, the FDA has concluded that the generic formulation is therapeutically equivalent to the reference drug.

In the Orange book if the code for the drug begins with a B what does it mean?

If the first letter is a ‘B’, the FDA has concluded that the compared drugs are not equivalent.

The NDC Code is divided into how many numbers and parts

3 parts and 11 numbers

The First part of the NDC code (The First 4 to 5 numbers) is known as and determines what

The labeler code is the first segment. It is 4–5 digits and identifies the manufacturer.

The Second part of the NDC code (The Second 3 to 4 numbers) is known as and determines what

The product code is the second segment and is 3–4 digits long. It identifies the formulation, strength, and dosage.

The Third part of the NDC code (The Second 1 to 2 numbers) is known as and determines what

The package code is the third segment. It is 1–2 digits and identifies the package forms and sizes.

The iPLEDGE program is designed to mitigate the risks associated with taking:

Isotretinoin

Isotretinoin is a medication primarily used to treat cystic acne. Common brands include Absorica, Accutane, Amnesteem, Claravis, Epuris, Isotroin, and Roaccutane.

iPLEDGE is a REMS program that is intended to prevent the use of isotretinoin during pregnancy, due to the high risk of birth defects.

What does BIN on an Insurance card stand for and how many numbers does it have

The bank identification number (BIN) is a 6-digit number located on an insurance card that is used by pharmacies to determine which insurance plan to submit a claim to.

What is the Proper use of Tall man letters in medications to help differentiate between similar sounding medication names

With tall man letters, you capitalize the part of the drug name that is DIFFERENT.

(Example PARoxetine — FLUoxetine)

The process by which a health insurance company determines if it should be the primary or secondary payer of medical claims for a patient who has coverage from more than one health insurance policy:

Coordination of Benefits (COB)

A PA (Prior Authorization) Is a process for what

A prior authorization is an extra step in the billing process where a provider has to obtain approval from a managed care organization before a specific medication can be dispensed. Reasons for requiring a prior authorization include expensive medications, drugs not covered by the insurance company but are medically necessary, and brand names drugs for which there is a generic.

A Pharmacy claim transmittal is what

A pharmacy claim transmittal is the electronic process by which a patient’s prescription information is submitted to their insurance provider.

The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 does what

The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 is the law that established a framework for classifying and controlling drugs based on their potential for abuse. This law created the 5 schedules for controlled substances (Schedule 1 through V).

Individuals with a severe allergy to penicillin should NOT receive

Patients with anaphylactic allergies to penicillin should generally avoid beta-lactam antibiotics. These include penicillins (amoxicillin, piperacillin), cephalosporins (cephalexin, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime), carbapanems (meropenem), and aztreonam.

The risk of cross-reactivity between the different beta-lactam agents varies. Some patient may safely receive other beta-lactam antibiotics despite having a penicillin allergy.

Ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, and doxycycline are not beta-lactam antibiotics and have no risk of cross-reactivity in patients with penicillin allergies.

How much dextrose is in a 900mL solution of D5W?

D5W means 5% (w/v) dextrose in water. 5% w/v means there is 5 g dextrose in 100 mL of the solution. To find out the amount of dextrose in 900 mL of the solution you just have to multiply the volume by the concentration.

Calculate: 5% of 900 = 45 g

Bar Code Medication Administration (BCMA) is a system designed to:

prevent medication errors in healthcare settings.

The BCMA system is used by nurses in healthcare settings who are administering medications. With this system the nurse can scan a barcode on the patient’s wristband to make sure it is the right patient. Then the nurse scans a barcode on the medicine to ensure it is: the right medicine, the right dose, the right time, and is administered by the right route.

Which Vaccines should be stored in the freezer

he vaccines that must be frozen include: varicella (Varivax), zoster (Zostavax), and measles, mumps, rubella with or without varicella (ProQuad, MMR-II, Priorix).