Mitosis and Meiosis

Cell size limitations

Information overload, Surface area to volume, Moving materials

Chromosomes

Condensed and organized genetic information

chromatin

Strands of genetic information unorganized

chromatid

A single, unduplicated strand of condensed dna

Duplicated chromosome

Has an identical pair

Unduplicated chromosome

Has no identical pairing

Cell cycle

Sequence of cell growth and division

Interphase

Cell grows and makes proteins, includes 3 phases: G1, S, G2

M-phase

The process of mitosis and cytokinesis, creates 2 daughter cells

Mitosis

The splitting of the nucleus

Cytokinesis

The splitting of the cytoplasm

G1

Cell grows. DNA is still chromatin

S

DNA synthesizes and copies, but still chromatin

G2

Prepares for cell division, makes organelles

Prophase

Chromatin condenses, centrioles move to opposite ends. LONGEST PHASE

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up, spindle fibers attach

Anaphase

Spindles pull apart the chromosomes at the centromere

Telophase

Chromosomes are on opposite sides, nuclear membrane reforms

Diploid

A cell with a duplicated number of chromosomes (2n)

Haploid

A cell with an unduplicated number of chromosomes (1n)

Homologous chromosomes

A paired set of chromosomes that match

Gametes

Sex cell

Zygote

A fertilized egg cell

Sexual reproduction

Makes sex cells

Asexual reproduction

makes body cells

Crossing over

The swapping of parts from homologous chromosomes

Cyclins

Protein that regulates cell growth

Apoptopis

Programmed cell death