CHURCH STATE

Italy’s relationship with the church, overview

• Beginning = hostile

• then realised he needed to be more christian, 1929 onwards, attempted to woo catholic church

• latern treaty 1929

• catholic action drama

• manifesto della razza 1938

• rocky relations with pope pius XII (pope pius the 12th)

explain mussolinis hostility towards the catholic church, and then how he attempted to woo the church later

• showed hostility at first

• then after disastrous election, realised anti christian message was damaging his parties rep in the heavily catholic italy

• 1920 on, tried to woo the church 

  • when he came to power in 1922, introduced religious instructiion into schools

  • banned swearing in public

  • outlawed the sale of contraceptives

  • baptised his children

Explain the latern treaty, and why it was such a big deal

• 1929, mussolini solved the roman question (1926 to 1929)

• Roman question was a dispute between catholic church and italian state that had been going on since 1870, when italian troops captured rome during the unification of italy

• 60 years

• negotiations between mussolini and gaspari, began in 1926 and continued in secret 

• signed the treaty in 1929

• under treatyt

  • vatican recognized as independent state

  • 750 million lir given to the vatican as compensation for hte loss of the papal states in 1970

  • catholicism the official state religion

  • pope would agree to recogonise the italian state

Explain the catholic action disputei n italy

• tensions emerged in early 1930s between papacy and fascist state

• mussolini refused to allow a catholic youth organisation because it encrouched on his own youth movement, baillilla

  • pope pius the 11th gave way because gaspari told him that a conflict between the church and state at the time could damage the efforts to stop the spread of communism in europe

What was the manifesto della razza

1938

charter of race angered pope, it was an italian version of the nuremburg laws

• marriage between italians and jews were to be forbidden

• jews forbidden to become teachers, lawyers or journalists

However this wasnt strictly enforced, and was more to do with mussolinis desire to please hitler

Explain the tension between pope pius the 12th and mussolini

• may 1940

• clashed with the vatican newspaper (l’osservator romano) as it published messages of sympathy from the pope to the king of belgium and queen of holland as they had been occupied by the nazis 

• mussolini said hed ban the paper if it continued to express anti fascist views.

vatican newspaper

l’osservator romano

how logn was the roman question

60 years

latern treaty thingies

• vatican recognized as independent state

• 750 million lir given to the vatican as compensation for hte loss of the papal states in 1970

• catholicism the official state religion

• pope would agree to recogonise the italian state

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things mussolini did to woo the chruch as he got into power

1922 - relgion in schools

swearing in public banned

contraceptives banned

pope involved in catholic action

pope pius and gaspari

cardinal involved with latern treaty

cardinal gaspari

general hitlers view on the church

• had no time for t

  • viewed it as a potential threat to his regime

hitler and the catholic church pre tensions

• good start

• 1933 concordat - VON PAPEN and PACELLI - hitler owuldnt interfere with the church, priests wouldnt interfere with politics

• worked, and then didnt - gleichaltung was involved in EVERYTHING

hitler and catholic church and tension

• gleichaltung

• 1936 bishops in BAVARIA complained nazis werent adhereing to the spirit of the concordat

• hitler youth spread anti christian views

Hitler, church and finally speaking up

• 1938 - with burning anguish

• spoke up against unfair treatment of the jews

  • jews banned from every area of life, parks, public, business, education (quotas)

• hitler and party paid this no mind

Euthaniasia nazi church

• 1941 - BIGGEST issue

• von galen called the civil police to report euthanasia (nazis endorsed this at the 1934 rally)

• received much public support, hitler wanted galen dead, goebells said NO PLEASE NO bad idea

• euthanisia was scrapped, and galen was lucky to stay ouyt of jail

• lower members not so lucky, and were sent to camps like dachau

hitler and the protestant church

• less regarded

• 1933, hitler brought 28 churchs together into one church - reichskirche

• pastor muller was the head of it - random guy

• confessional church was the only church to say no

confeessional church

• 1933

• protested heavily against nazi members and were punished heavily

• sent to camps and work camps and concentration camps like auschwitz birkenhau

conclusion church state

• churches in boith countries criticised

• did . all to help the jews

• should have stuck up more, people expected them to