Unit I: Cellular Theory, Organelles, and Transport Study Guide

Fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering cell theory, prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic structures, organelle functions, membrane transport mechanisms, scientific method variables, and biochemistry concepts.

The three main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are the nucleus, organelles, and __________.

size and complexity

The organelle found in plant cells but not in animal cells that functions in water storage is a __________.

central vacuole

The nucleus is called the control center because it stores DNA and directs __________ within the cell.

every single functional process

Lysosomes act as the cell's waste disposal and recycling system; without them, __________ would rapidly build up.

waste product

The cell membrane helps maintain homeostasis by acting as a __________ that regulates what enters and leaves the cell.

selective barrier

Osmosis is defined as the movement of water molecules from an area of higher water concentration to an area of __________.

lower water concentration

The net movement of any particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is called __________.

diffusion

Facilitated diffusion is the movement of specific molecules across a cell membrane from high to low concentration with the assistance of __________.

membrane proteins

The main difference between active and passive transport is the use of cellular energy ATP and the direction of movement relative to the __________.

concentration gradient

When placed in a hypertonic solution, an animal cell will __________.

shrivel

An animal cell placed in a hypotonic solution will swell and may burst, whereas in an isotonic solution it will __________.

stay the same size

In an experiment, the variable that the researcher changes or manipulates to test its effects is the __________.

independent variable

The variable that is measured or observed to see how it will respond to the change in the independent variable is the __________.

dependent variable

In an experiment testing plant growth with different fertilizers, a plant grown without any fertilizer serves as the __________.

control group

Homeostasis is important for cell survival because it maintains a __________.

stable internal environment

In endocytosis, the cell membrane folds inward to take materials into the cell, whereas in exocytosis, a vesicle inside the cell fuses with the membrane to __________.

release materials out of the cell

The organelle that provides structural support, protection, and shape to plant cells, fungi, and bacteria, but is not found in animal cells, is the __________.

cell wall

Located inside the nucleus, the primary function of the nucleolus is to produce and assemble the cell's __________.

ribosomes

Ribosomes carry out protein synthesis by __________.

translating genetic code

The organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids received from the endoplasmic reticulum for transport is the __________.

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondria generate the cell's energy supply in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through __________.

cellular respiration

The organelles that provide movement for the cell itself or move substances across the cell's surface are __________.

cilia and flagella

While the rough ER synthesizes and folds proteins, the smooth ER synthesizes lipids and __________.

metabolizes carbohydrates

A physiological regulatory process that helps an organism maintain homeostasis by adjusting its systems in response to change or stimuli is a __________.

feedback mechanism

An example of a negative feedback loop is the regulation of blood glucose levels, whereas an example of a positive feedback loop is __________.

blood clotting

In prokaryotes, DNA is circular, single stranded, and unbound in the nucleoid, while in eukaryotes, DNA is linear and organized into __________.

chromosomes

Cell theory explains the healing of a scraped knee because remaining healthy cells undergo __________ to create new identical cells.

cell division

A white blood cell captures bacteria using a type of transport called __________, in which the membrane extends outward to surround and engulf the bacterium.

phagocytosis

Oxygen gas moving from the lungs into red blood cells is an example of __________.

simple diffusion

An example of active transport via protein pumps is the __________ in nerve cells.

sodium potassium pump

The data trend stating that 'as temperature increases, reaction time decreases' means that the rate of the reaction is __________.

speeding up

Water-fearing molecules that are nonpolar and do not dissolve well in water are termed __________, while polar or charged molecules that attract water are hydrophilic.

hydrophobic

Of the four macromolecules, __________ are never broken down by the cell to be used as an energy source.

nucleic acids

In the cell membrane, carbohydrates serve as __________ for cell-to-cell recognition and communication.

cellular identification tags