2. Principles of Research

What is the exploring phenomena as an objective of research?

To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it

What is describing observations as an objective of research?

To portray accurately the characters tics of a particular individual, situation, or a group

What is diagnostic as an objective of research?

To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated

What is hypothesis testing as an objective of research?

To test a hypothesis of a casual relationship between variables

What is a theory?

A set of interrelated constructs/concepts, definitions, and propositions that present a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations among variables, with the purpose of explaining the phenomena

What is a theoretical framework?

A synthesis of the thoughts of theories, ideas, and concepts of leaders in particular field of research, as they relate to and will be applied to a proposed body of research

What is a conceptual framework?

The total outline of an intended research project encompassing the research topic, the problem to be investigated, the significance or justification of the research, the question to be asked, the literature to be reviewed, applicable theories, intended methodology, methods or procedures, instruments, data collection, data analysis and interpretation of findings, recommendations and conclusions generated as a result of the research conducted

What are the basic research principles as defined by the Belmont Report of 1976?

The general judgments that serve as a basic justification for the many particular ethical prescriptions and evaluations of human actions that include respect for persons, beneficence, and justice

What is respect for persons?

The idea that research should not cause harm even if it is unintentional

What is beneficence?

The ideal that everyone should benefit equally from the research being conducted

What are the research principles?

Written, informed consent is given

Should not cause harm in any form

Essentiality of data privacy

Integrity

Avoidance or identification of conflicts of interest

What are all the parts of research in order?

Identification of problem → develop research question → literature review → develop a testable hypothesis → determination of study design or methodology → execution of project → data collection → data analysis → data presentation → interpretation of findings

What is quantitative research?

Seeks to predict or explain phenomena

What is qualitative research?

Seeks to understand perspectives, concepts, opinions, or experiences

What is mixed methods research?

Combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods

How do you choose a research method?

The research questions

The experience and preference of the researcher

The underpinning philosophy of research

What is true experimental quantitative research?

Method that includes ransomization

What is quasi experimental quantitative research?

Method that does not include randomization

What are the types of research included under primary data collection?

Cohort study

Cross-sectional

Case control

Randomized controlled trials

What are the types of research included under secondary data?

Literature review

Systematic review

Metanalysis

Use of data collected for an alternative purpose

Cross-sectional

Case control

What is an example of an exploratory question?

What is the effect of exercise on self image

What is an example of a predictive question?

What professions are more likely to own pets?

What is an example of an interpretative question?

How have lockdown measures impacted the human-animal bond amongst parakeet owners and their pets?

What is an example of a descriptive question?

What percentage of great sane pups experience a gastric torsion?

What is an example of a comparative question?

Which treatment modality is most effective in management of osteosarcomas?

What is an example of a relationship question?

How does diet impact the occurrence of panosteitis (weight gain) in large breed dogs?

What is quantitative research’s purpose?

To explain phenomena by collecting and analyzing numerical data

What is a major limitation of quantitative research?

Relationships may be identified and described but it may not explain why the relationship exists

How is data collected in quantitative research?

Surveys

Direct observations

Secondary data

What are the questions you should ask when analyzing a quantitative research data set?

Is the sample size big enough?

What is the correct statistical test?

Are results of the study generalizable to a larger group or population?

Is the study reproducible?

How likely are Type I and/or Type II errors?

What are some other challenges associated with qualitative research?

Respondents may provide inaccurate or false information

Greater chance of ethical issues arising because the researcher interacts more closely with subjects

Researcher may introduce own ideas

What are common ways of collecting qualitative research?

Interviews

Focus groups

Questionnaires or surveys

Secondary data, including diaries, self-reporting

Direct observations

What are types of data analysis?

Content

Grounded

Social network

Discourse

Narrative

Conversation